1112 SPLANCHNOLOGY 





The Cheeks (bucccp) form the sides of the face, and are continuous in front with 

 the lips. They are composed externally of integument; internally of mucous 

 membrane; and between the two of a muscular stratum, besides a large quantity 

 of fat, areolar tissue, vessels, nerves, and buccal glands. 



Structure. The mucous membrane lining the cheek is reflected above and below upon the 

 gums, and is continuous behind with the lining membrane of the soft palate. Opposite the 

 second molar tooth of the maxilla is a papilla, on the summit of which is the aperture of the 

 parotid duct. The principal muscle of the cheek is the Buccinator; but other muscles enter into 

 its formation, viz., the Zvgomaticus, Risorius, and Platysma. 



The buccal glands are placed between the mucous membrane and Buccinator muscle: they 

 are similar in structure to the labial glands, but smaller. About five, of a larger size than the 

 rest, are placed between the Masseter and Buccinator muscles around the distal extremity of 

 the parotid duct; their ducts open in the mouth opposite the last molar tooth. They are called 

 molar glands. 



The Gums (gingivce) are composed of dense fibrous tissue, closely connected to 

 the periosteum of the alveolar processes, and surrounding the necks of the teeth. 

 They are covered by smooth and vascular mucous membrane, which is remark- 

 able for its limited sensibility. Around the necks of the teeth this membrane 

 presents numerous fine papillae, and is reflected into the alveoli, where it is con- 

 tinuous with the periosteal membrane lining these cavities. 



The Palate (palatum) forms the roof of the mouth; it consists of two portions, 

 the hard palate in front, the soft palate behind. 



The Hard Palate (palatum durum) (Fig. 1014) is bounded in front and at the sides 

 by the alveolar arches and gums; behind, it is continuous with the soft palate. 

 It is covered by a dense structure, formed by the periosteum and mucous mem- 

 brane of the mouth, which are intimately adherent. Along the middle line is a 

 linear raphe, which ends anteriorly in a small papilla corresponding with the 

 incisive canal. On either side and in front of the raphe the mucous membrane 

 is thick, pale in color, and corrugated; behind, it is thin, smooth, and of a deeper 

 color; it is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, and furnished with 

 numerous palatal glands, which lie between the mucous membrane and the surface 

 of the bone. 



The Soft Palate (palatum molle) (Fig. 1014) is a movable fold, suspended from the 

 posterior border of the hard palate, and forming an incomplete septum between 

 the mouth and pharynx. It consists of a fold of mucous membrane enclosing 

 muscular fibers, an aponeurosis, vessels, nerves, adenoid tissue, and mucous glands. 

 When occupying its usual position, i. e., relaxed and pendent, its anterior surface 

 is concave, continuous with the roof of the mouth, and marked by a median raphe. 

 Its posterior surface is convex, and continuous with the mucous membrane covering 

 the floor of the nasal cavities. Its upper border is attached to the posterior margin 

 of the hard palate, and its sides are blended with the pharynx. Its lower border 

 is free. Its lower portion, which hangs like a curtain between the mouth and 

 pharynx is termed the palatine velum. 



Hanging from the middle of its lower border is a small, conical, pendulous 

 process, the palatine uvula; and arching lateralward and downward from the base 

 of the uvula on either side are two curved folds of mucous membrane, containing 

 muscular fibers, called the arches or pillars of the fauces. 



The Teeth (denies) (Figs. 995 to 997). Man is provided with two sets of teeth, 

 which make their appearance at different periods of life. Those of the first set 

 appear in childhood, and are called the deciduous or milk teeth. Those of the second 

 set, which also appear at an early period, may continue until old age, and are 

 named permanent. 



The deciduous teeth are twenty in number: four incisors, two canines, and four 

 molars, in each jaw. 



