1296 



SURFACE ANATOMY AND SURFACE MARKINGS 



of the lip and the ala of the nose; the duct ends opposite the second upper mola 

 tooth and measures about 5 cm. in length. 



The Nose. The outlines of the nasal bones and the cartilages forming the exter- 

 nal nose can be easily felt. The mobile portion of the nasal septum, formed by 

 the medial crura of the greater alar cartilages and the skin, is easily distinguished 

 between the nares. When the head is tilted back and a speculum introduced 

 through the naris, the floor of the nasal cavity, the lower part of the nasal septum, 

 and the anterior ends of the middle and inferior nasal conchae can be examined. 

 The opening of the nasolacrimal duct, which lies under cover of the front of the 

 inferior nasal concha, is situated about 2.5 cm. behind the naris and 2 cm. above 

 the level of the floor of the nasal cavitv. 



Pharyngopalatine arch 

 Palatine tonsil 



Glossopalatine arch 

 Buccinator 





Vallate papillce 



Isthmus 

 faucium 



Fungiform papillce 



Fid. 1201. The mouth cavity. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward. 



The Mouth. The orifice of the mouth is bounded by the lips, which are covered 

 externally by the whitish skin and internally by the red mucous membrane. The 

 size of the orifice varies considerably in different individuals, but seems to bear a 

 close relationship to the size and prominence of the teeth; its angles usually corre- 

 spond to the lateral borders of the canine teeth. Running down the center of the 

 outer surface of the upper lip is a shallow groove the philtrum. If the lips be 

 everted there can be seen, in the middle line of each, a small fold of mucous mem- 

 brane the frenulum passing from the lip to the gum. By pulling the angle of the 



