1316 



SURFACE ANATOMY AND SURFACE MARKINGS 



By means of these horizontal planes the abdomen is divided into three zones 

 named from above, the subcostal, umbilical, and hypogastric zones. Each of these 

 is further subdivided into three regions by the two sagittal planes, which are indi- 

 cated on the surface by a right and a left lateral line drawn vertically through 

 points halfway between the anterior superior iliac spines and the middle line. The 

 middle region of the upper zone is called the epigastric, and the two lateral regions 





Lateral sternal line. 



, Parasternal line 

 Mammary line 



Transpyloric 

 plane 



{Trans tubercular 

 plane 



- Left lateral line 



Fio. 1220. Surface lines of the front of the thorax and abdomen. 



the right and left hypochondriac. The central region of the middle zone is the 

 umbilical, and the two lateral regions the right and left lumbar. The middle region 

 of the lower zone is the hypogastric or pubic, and the lateral are the right and left 

 iliac or inguinal. The middle regions, viz., epigastric, umbilical, and pubic, can each 

 be divided into right and left portions by the middle line. In the following descrip- 

 tion of the viscera the regions marked out by Addison's lines are those referred to. 



