334 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. 



primigenius of Greece), Beavers, Mice, Jerboas, Squirrels, and 

 Marmots. All the principal living groups of this order were 

 therefore differentiated in Middle Tertiary times. 



The Cheiroptera are represented by small insect-eating Bats ; 

 and the order of the Insectivorous Mammals is represented by 

 Moles, Shrew-mice, and Hedgehogs. 



Lastly, the Monkeys (Quadrumana} appear to have existed 

 during the Miocene period under a variety of forms, remains 

 of these animals having been found both in Europe and in 

 India; but no member of this order has as yet been detected 

 in the Miocene Tertiary of the North American continent. 

 Amongst the Old World Monkeys of the Miocene, the two 

 most interesting are the Pliopithecus and Dryopithecus of France. 



Fig. 248. Lower jaw of Pliopithecus antiquus. Upper Miocene, France. 



The former of these (fig. 248) is supposed to have been most 

 nearly related to the living Semnopitheci of Southern Asia, in 

 which case it must have possessed a long tail. The Mesopi- 

 thecus of the Upper Miocene of Greece is also one of the lower 

 Monkeys, as it is most closely allied to the existing Macaques. 

 On the other hand, the Dryopithecus of the French Upper 

 Miocene is referable to the group of the "Anthropoid Apes," 

 and is most nearly related to the Gibbons of the present day, 

 in which the tail is rudimentary and there are no cheek- 

 pouches. Dryopithecus was, also, of large size, equalling Man 

 in stature, and apparently living amongst the trees and feed- 

 ing upon fruits. 



