FAUNA OF THE POST-PLIOCENE. 357 



(fr) A layer of black mould, from three to twelve inches 

 thick, with human bones, fragments of pottery, stone and 

 bronze implements, and the bones of animals now living in 

 Britain. This, therefore, is a recent deposit. 



(c) A layer of stalagmite, from sixteen to twenty inches 

 thick, but sometimes as much as five feet, containing the bones 

 of Man, together with those of extinct Post-Pliocene Mammals. 



(d) A bed of red cave-earth, sometimes four feet in thick- 

 ness, with numerous bones of extinct Mammals (Mammoth, 

 Cave-bear, &c.), together with human implements of flint and 

 horn. 



O) A second bed of stalagmite, in places twelve feet in 

 thickness, with bones of the Cave-bear. 



(/) A red-loam and cave-breccia, with remains of the Cave- 

 bear and human implements. 



The most important Mammals which are found in cave- 

 deposits in Europe generally, are the Cave-bear, the Cave-lion, 

 the Cave-hyaena, the Reindeer, the Musk-ox, the Glutton, and 

 the Lemming of which the first three are probably identical 

 with existing forms, and the remainder are certainly so to- 

 gether with the Mammoth and the Woolly Rhinoceros, which 

 are undoubtedly extinct. Along with these are found the 

 implements, and in some cases the bones, of Man himself, in 

 such a manner as to render it absolutely certain that an early 

 race of men was truly contemporaneous in Western Europe 

 with the animals above mentioned. 



IV. UNCLASSIFIED POST-PLIOCENE DEPOSITS. Apart from 

 any of the afore-mentioned deposits, there occur other accumu- 

 lations sometimes superficial, sometimes in caves which are 

 found in regions where a " Glacial period " has not been fully 

 demonstrated, or where such did not take place; and which, 

 therefore, are not amenable to the above classification. The 

 most important of these are known to occur in South America 

 and Australia ; and though their numerous extinct Mammalia 

 place their reference to the Post-Pliocene period beyond 

 doubt, their relations to the glacial period and its deposits in 

 the northern hemisphere have not been precisely determined. 



