FAUNA OF THE POST-PLIOCENE. 367 



the Rhinoceroses, of which three species are known to have 

 existed in Europe during the Post-Pliocene period. Two 

 of these are the well-known Pliocene forms, the Rhinoceros 

 Etruscus and the R. megarhinus, still surviving in diminished 

 numbers ; but the most famous is the Rhinoceros tichorhinus 

 (fig. 263), or so-called "Woolly Rhinoceros." This species 

 is known not only by innumerable bones, but also by a car- 

 cass, at the time of its discovery complete, which was found 

 embedded in the frozen soil of Siberia towards the close of 

 last century, and which was partly saved from destruction by 

 the exertions of the naturalist Pallas. From this, we know 

 that the Tichorhine Rhinoceros, like its associate the Mam- 

 moth, was provided with a coating of hair, and therefore was 

 enabled to endure a more severe climate than any existing 

 species. The skin was not thrown into the folds which char- 

 acterize most of the existing forms; and the technical name 

 of the species refers to the fact that the nostrils were com- 

 pletely separated by a bony partition. The head carried two 

 horns, placed one behind the other, the front one being un- 

 usually large. As regards its geographical range, the Woolly 

 Rhinoceros is found in Europe in vast numbers north of the 

 Alps and Pyrenees, and it also abounded in Siberia; so that 

 it would appear to be a distinctly northern form, and to have 

 been adapted for a temperate climate. It is not known to 

 occur in Pliocene deposits, but it makes its first appearance 

 in the Pre-Glacial deposits, surviving the Glacial period, and 

 being found in abundance in Post-Glacial accumulations. It 

 was undoubtedly a contemporary of the earlier races of men 

 in Western Europe; and it may perhaps be regarded as being 

 the actual substantial kernel of some of the " Dragons " of 

 fable. 



The only other 'Odd-toed Ungulate which needs notice is 

 the so-called Equus fossilis of the Post-Pliocene of Europe. 

 This made its appearance before the Glacial period, and ap- 

 pears to be in reality identical with the existing Horse (Equus 

 caballus). True Horses also occur in the Post-Pliocene of 

 North America; but, from some cause or another, they must 

 have been exterminated before historic times. 



Amongst the Even-toed Ungulates, the great Hippopotamus 

 major of the Pliocene still continued to exist in Post-Pliocene 

 times in Western Europe ; and the existing W r ild Boar (Sus 

 scrofa), the parent of our domestic breeds of Pigs, appeared 

 for the first time. The Old World possessed extinct repre- 



