URINE. 187 



that the earthy phosphates are increased by the phosphate of 

 lime associated with the albumen, and as this generally amounts 

 to 6 or 7 per cent., a corresponding amount must be deducted 

 from the earthy phosphates. In other respects the method de- 

 scribed in page 140 must be adopted. 



[The following method for determining the amount of albu- 

 men has been recently proposed by Heller, 1 and offers several 

 advantages. 



A small quantity of the urine (from 20 to 10 grains) must 

 be carefully weighed, and its solid residue accurately determined. 

 In this way we estimate the per centage of solid residue. 

 Another portion must be rapidly heated to incipient ebullition 

 in a small narrow-mouthed flask. The mouth must be then 

 closed, in order to prevent the escape of vapour, and the liquid 

 when cold strained through a moderately fine linen cloth. The 

 strained fluid is thus obtained perfectly clear, the albumen re- 

 maining on the linen as a snow-white magma. By treating a 

 small quantity with nitric acid, we may be certain that the 

 albumen is completely separated. The amount of the solid 

 residue yielded by the strained fluid is determined, and the 

 per centage calculated. The difference gives the per centage 

 of albumen. If extreme accuracy is required, the flask with 

 its contents may be weighed both before and after ebullition, 

 and a correction made for the escaped vapour. In case the 

 fluid should be alkaline, it must be previously acidulated with 

 acetic acid.] 



2. Constituents of the blood with the exception of fibrin. 



Bloody urine is not of very unfrequent occurrence; it is 

 distinguished by a more or less marked blood-red colour, some- 

 times being of a brown-red, and on other occasions even of a 

 brownish black tint. No certain conclusions regarding the 

 presence of blood can, however, be deduced from the colour 

 alone. I have seen urine in colour strongly resembling bloody 

 urine which contained not a trace of hsematoglobulin. Various 

 resemblances to the colour of blood may be induced by mix- 

 tures of considerable quantities of hsemaphsein, of uroerythrin, 



Archiv fiir phys. und patholog. Chemie und Mikroskopie, vol. 1, p. 192. 



