206 THE SECRETIONS: 



or synochal, the urine differs greatly in its properties from 

 normal urine. In speaking of the probable cause of the 

 changed constitution of the blood in the phlogoses, (see Vol. I, 



four following heads: 1st, Febrile urine; 2d, Anaemic urine; 3d, Alkaline urine; 

 4th, Urine differing but slightly from the normal standard. 

 1st. Febrile urine presents three distinct varieties : 



a. Febrile urine, in the strict sense of the word, is passed by persons suffering 

 from fever, or with severe functional disorders. This urine is characterized by a con- 

 siderable diminution in the quantity of the water discharged by the kidneys in twenty- 

 four hours, and by a slight diminution in the amount of the solid constituents, the urea 

 and inorganic salts being below the daily healthy average, while the uric acid is in- 

 creased. It is of higher specific gravity than normal urine, its colour is deeper and 

 redder, it is frequently turbid, and often contains a small quantity of albumen. 

 Becquerel gives the following analysis as a type of this form of urine : I place his 

 analysis of healthy urine by its side, in order to render the differences in the two 

 fluids the more striking : 



True febrile urine. Healthy urine (Becquerel.) 



Quantity of urine in twenty-four hours 23 ounces 45 ounces 



Specific gravity . . 1021-8 1017-0 



Water . . . 964-0 972-0 



Solid constituents . . 36-0 28-0 



Urea . . . 13-2 12-1 



Uric acid . . 1-5 0-4 



Other organic matters . 14-7 8-6 



Fixed salts . . 7'1 6'9 



The urine is stated to assume the true febrile character in severe functional 

 derangements, in chronic and acute inflammations, in general hyperasthenia, in dis- 

 eases of the liver, the heart, and the lungs ; in hemorrhages during their continuance, 

 and in such organic degenerations of the different organs as result from fever or 

 functional derangement. 



(3. Febrile urine, accompanied with great debility. In this variety of urine the 

 water is likewise diminished. The specific gravity of the urine and the amount of 

 solid constituents are considerably less than in the former case. With the exception 

 of the uric acid, which remains normal, all the other constituents are absolutely* 

 although not relatively, diminished. 



The following analysis is given by Becquerel as a type of this variety of urine : 

 Quantity of urine in twenty -four hours . .21 ounces 



Specific gravity .... 10147 



Water ..... 974-0 



Solid constituents .... 26-0 

 Urea . . . . .7-3 



Uric acid .... 0'8 



Other organic matters . . . 10-5 



Fixed salts . . . .4-2 



This form of urine is less concentrated than the normal secretion, is deeply coloured, 

 and often turbid from the spontaneous deposition of uric acid. It occurs in those 

 cases of fever in which there is great prostration and debility arising either from the 



