URINE. 207 



p. 284,) I showed that it is not to be referred to the diseased 

 organ, but to the reaction which manifests itself through- 

 out the vascular system. If the change in the constitution of 



disease itself or from very energetic treatment, such as free venesections or repeated 

 purgations. 



y. Febrile urine in which the quantity of water is not affected. In this variety 

 the daily amount of water is not less than in health ; the urea and fixed salts are 

 diminished ; the uric acid and other organic matters are normal. The composition 

 is illustrated by the following analysis : 



Quantity of urine in twenty-four hours . .45 ounces 



Specific gravity . . . .1010-5 



Water ..... 982-8 



Solid constituents . . . .17-2 



Urea . . . . .6-8 



Uric acid . . . .0-3 



Other organic matters . . . 7'5 



Fixed salts . . . .2-6 



The specific gravity is low, although the colour is usually deep. It does not deposit 

 any sediment, and even, after the addition of an acid, there is often no precipitation 

 of uric acid. 



2dly. Anaemic urine. This form of urine usually occurs in anaemia, chlorosis, &c. 

 It is divided by Becquerel into the two following varieties : 



a. True anaemic urine. The amount of water discharged by the kidneys in twenty- 

 four hours is almost normal, while the solid constituents are considerably less than 

 in healthy urine ; the urea, uric acid, and fixed salts being much diminished, and the 

 other organic matters decreased in a slighter degree. Its specific gravity is low, it is 

 not deeply coloured, and it deposits no sediment. Its constitution is well represented 

 in the following analysis : 



Quantity of urine in twenty -four hours . . 38 ounces 



Specific gravity . . . .1010-3 



Water ..... 982-8 



Solid constituents . . . .17-2 



Urea ..... 6-51 



Uric acid .... 0-25 



Other organic matters . . . 6'23 



Fixed salts .... 4-20 



/3. Concentrated anaemic urine. In this form of urine the water discharged in 

 twenty-four hours is much diminished, and the amount of solid constituents, although 

 relatively increased, is absolutely diminished also. The urea, uric acid, and fixed 

 salts are the most diminished ; the other organic matters less so. This urine is of a 

 green or livid tint, and is never red or yellow. 



3dly. Alkaline urine. This variety is distinguished by its alkaline reaction on test- 

 paper and by its ammoniacal odour. (When the urine has become alkaline by the use of 

 bicarbonate of soda there is no ammoniacal odour developed.) It has been observed 

 by Becquerel in acute and chronic nephritis, in diseases of the bladder accompanied 

 with purulent secretion, in certain diseases of the brain, and sometimes in Bright's 

 disease. 



4thly. Urine not differing from the normal type occurs in slight non-febrile affec- 

 tions. 



