URINE. 347 



Water and indeterminate matters . . 921-32 



Urea 18-48 



Hippurate of potash . . . 16-51 



Lactate of potash . . . 17-16 



Bicarbonate of potash . . . 16-12 



Carbonate of magnesia . . . 4-74 



Carbonate of lime . . . 0-55 

 Sulphate of potash . . .3-60 



Chloride of sodium . . . 1-52 



Silica ..... traces 



Phosphoric acid .... absent j 



Vogel found the urine of the rhinoceros turbid, and having 

 an odour like that of crushed ants. It grew darker after ex- 

 posure to the air, and became covered with a film of carbonate 

 of lime; it effervesced on the addition of acids. As it cleared, 

 it deposited a yellow sediment composed of earthy phosphates 

 with a little peroxide of iron and silica, which amounted to 2*7 

 of the weight of the urine. It then remained of a dark yellow 

 colour, and formed, on evaporation, a new sediment of car- 

 bonates of lime and magnesia, which were previously held in 

 solution as bicarbonates. On evaporating the urine to two 

 thirds of its volume, and then treating it with hydrochloric 

 acid, a precipitation of hippuric acid took place, amounting to 

 O45 of the weight of the urine. The urine also contained 

 urea and the ordinary salts. 



Vogel found the urine of the elephant turbid from the presence 

 of carbonates of lime and magnesia in suspension ; it contained 

 a larger amount of urea than the urine of the rhinoceros, 

 but, on the other hand, was devoid of hippuric acid. Brandes, 

 however, detected the latter constituent, partly combined with 

 an alkali and partly with urea. 



In the urine of the camel, Chevreul found a large quantity 

 of urea, but no uric acid; it contained, however, chloride of 

 sodium, hippurate of soda, carbonate of soda, sulphate of potash 

 together with a little sulphate of soda, carbonate of ammonia, 

 and a trace of peroxide of iron : no phosphates were found in 

 it. On mixing it with sulphuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid, 

 the urine became red, a property due to its containing a vola- 

 tile oil, to which, moreover, it owes its odour. 



The urine of the pig has been analysed by Lassaigne. He 

 describes it as being of a pale yellow colour, clear and trans- 



