URINARY CALCULI OF ANIMALS. 461 



apparently of a grain of corn. No cases of carbonate of lime 

 were observed in this collection. 



[Schlossberger has recently directed attention to the fre- 

 quent occurrence of gravel (urate of ammonia) in the tubuli 

 uriniferi of new-born children. He found it in 18 out of 49 



cases.] 



Preputial and urethral calculi have been analysed by Eomer : 

 fifty-one concretions of this sort, weighing in all 158 grains, 

 were removed from a child with natural phymosis. They con- 

 sisted of uric acid, associated with phosphate of lime and some 

 connecting animal matter. 



URINARY CALCULI OP ANIMALS. 



Calculi are by no means uncommon amongst the lower 

 animals, and it has been stated that rats are especially liable to 

 this form of disease. Generally speaking the constituents are 

 much the same as in man, except that no uric acid occurs in 

 the calculi of the herbivora, which consist for the most part of 

 earthy phosphates and carbonates. 



In a wild cat, Fourcroy and Vauquelin found a renal calculus 

 of phosphate of lime. The vesical calculi of dogs consist for 

 the most part of phosphate of lime and ammoniaco-magnesian 

 phosphate, with a little animal matter. (Marcet, Brande, 

 Wollaston, and Prevost.) Brande found 30 parts of ammoniaco- 

 magnesian phosphate, 64 of phosphate of lime, and 6 of animal 

 matter. Lassaigne found 53 parts of oxalate of lime, 13 of 

 phosphate of lime, and 39 of animal matter : in another calculus 

 he found 97 of cystin. Two urinary concretions from these 

 animals, examined by myself, were white and somewhat crys- 

 talline; they consisted principally of phosphate of lime with 

 a little carbonate of lime. In a renal calculus from a dog, 

 Lassaigne found 58 ! parts of uric acid, 30*8 of urate of am- 

 monia, 1-1 of oxalate of lime, and 10- 1 of phosphate of lime. 

 Calculi from rats consist, according to Marcet, of ammoniaco- 

 magnesian phosphate and phosphate of lime ; according to 

 Fourcroy, of oxalate of lime; and, according to Morand, of 

 phosphate, carbonate, and oxalate of lime. Vesical calculi of 



