380 



RUBIACE^. (MADDER FAMILY.) 



3. RUBIA. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with whorled leaves, and rotate flowers. 



* * * Fruit dry, composed of one, oblong mericarp, 



4, CALLIPELTIS. Flowers in extra-axillary cymes, each with a membranous bract. 



* * * * Fruit dry, composed of twin, spherical, oblong, or crescenticmericarps, rarely by abortion 1. 



t Flowers axillary, ternate. 

 i. VAILLANTIA. Fruit with 3, deflexed horns, and 1, erect horn or small spur. 



6. MERICARPiEA. Fruit composed of two crescentic, 3-crested mericarps. 



f t Flowers in cymes or fascicles, often paniculate, rarely nearly solitary. Fruit composed of ttoin 

 hemispheres, rarely by abortion 1. 



7. GALIUM, Corolla rotate, or with very short tube. 



3. ASPERULA, Corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate. 



1 1 t Flowers in imbricated, 2-S-rowed spikes. 

 9 CRUCIANELLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Mericarps (in ours) oblong or oblong linear. 



t 1 1 t Flowers capitate. 

 10. SHERARDIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Mericarps 3-toothed at apex. 



Fig. 203. 



(a) Piece ofRubia tinctorum in flower, (b) Half of a flower, magnified, (c) Young fruits, 

 (rf) A npe fruit, (e) A plant of Oldenlandia, in bad and flower. (/) A flower laid open 

 showing the capsular ovary, the 4-lobed corolla, and the bifid style, (g) A corolla show- 

 ing the 4 stamens, alternating with the corolla lobes, and inserted on its tube. 



1. OI^DE]VI.Al%'I>IA, L. Bluets. 



Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 4-8-tootlied, with a 

 l)road sinus between the teeth. Corolla rotate-funnel-shaped, 4-5- 

 lobed. Stamens 4-5. Stigma bifid. O^aiy 2-celled ; cells oo -seeded. 

 Capsule crowned by calyx-teeth, opening loculicidally — Low annuals, 

 with opposite leaves and connate stipules united to petioles, forming a 

 sheath. 



O. €apen§is, Thunb. © Hirsute, diffuse. Leaves linear, taper- 

 ing at both ends. Flowers axillary ; pedicels as long as 4-toothed 

 calyx — November — Mouth of Nahr Beirut. Probably adventive. 



