COMPOSITE, (composite FAMILY.) 449 



enclosing the flowerets. Filaments free, flattened, glabrous ; anthers 

 Tfith minute appendages. Akenes rather terete, slender, tapering at 

 base, somewhat grooved and soft-hairy; pales 8-10, lanceolate, tapering- 

 subulate, hirsute above — Annual herbs, differing from Xeranthemum in 

 the spiny, inner scales of the involucre. 



S. pung^eiis, Lam. .1 to .3, appressed-canescent. Leaves 

 elliptical to linear, with revolute margins, the upper crowded, forming 

 a sort of false involucre around the true one. Heads oblong, 10-20- 

 flowered ; scales of involucre tawny, woolly, spines pink, .02 to .025 

 long — May to July — Dry hills and clayey fields ; subalpine Lebanon, 

 Coelesyria, and Antilebanon to Jebel Bil'as (Syrian Desert), Antioch, 

 Aintab, Marash, and northward. 



Var. nana, D.C. Stems very short or — Antilebanon. 



54. CARLINA, L. Carlina. 



Heads homogamous, many- and equal-flowered, Involucre in 

 several rows, the outer scales leaf -like, the inner scarious, frequently 

 ray-like. Chaff of receptacle many-cleft. Flowerets perfect. Filaments 

 free, appendages of anthers feathery. Akenes terete-obcuneate, silky, 

 with hilum at base. Pappus consisting of 1-2 rows of small pales, 

 parted into 3-4, feathery fibres — Monocarpic or perennial herbs, with 

 spiny, pinnatifid or partite leaves and involucre. 



1. C. coryinbo§a, L. @ .2 to 1, stem simple or corymbose. 

 Leaves cobwebby or glabrescent, coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong- 

 lanceolate, recurved. Heads .03 to .05 broad ; outer scales of in- 

 volucre spiny-tipped, mner yellow, glah'ous or ciliate — Summer — Dry 

 fields. 



Var. involucrata, Boiss. Glabrescent. Upper leaves falling 

 after flowering. Outer scales of involucre linear-lanceolate, with 1-2 

 spines on either side, twice to twice and a half as long as head — 

 Coast to middle zone of Lebanon. 



Var. Libanotica, Boiss. Cobwebby-canescent. Outer scales 

 oblong-lanceolate, much longer than inner — Coast to middle zone of 

 Lebanon and Antilebanon, and Damascus, Amanus, and Marash. 



2. C. oligocephala, Boiss. et Ky. (D .3 to 1, canescent ; 

 stems corymbose, rarely 1-headed. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, 

 pinnatiparted into lanceolate, spiny lobes ; stem-leaves lanceolate, 

 folded, spiny-toothed. Heads .03 to .04 broad, the outer leaves of the 

 involucre similar to upper stem-leaves, once and a half as long as rays, 

 the intermediate unarmed except at tip, the inner straw-cohrecl, ciliate 

 along their whole length, woolly at tip — August and September. 



Var. microcei^liala, Boiss. Heads smaller, more condensed. 

 Upper leaves and outer scales rather broader and shorter, little longer 

 than rays — Base of Amanus to Marash, and northward. 



3. C. lanata, L. d) .1 to .4, cobwebby, corymbose, the central 

 head nearly sessile, the others peduncled. Leaves folded, oblong to 

 lanceolate, sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed, spiny, those of stem half- 

 clasping. Heads .04 broad, hemispherical ; outer scales of involucre 

 longer than rays, intermediate linear-lanceolate, inner purple, glabrous 

 — Summer — Coast and lower mountains. 



60 



