458 coMPOsiTJEC. (composite family.) 



4. O. lieteracaiitlium, C. A. M. (g) .6 to 1, woolly-canes- 

 cent ; wings nearly entire, prickly. Leaves lanceolate, pinnatisect 

 into triangular, densely prickly lobes. Heads .1- to .13 broad, convex 

 at base; outer scales of involucre ending in very shorty iceaJc priclies, inter- 

 mediate tapering into long, slender, lanceolate spines, often .04 long, inner 

 as long as viscid flowerets — April to September — Fields ; Moab ; 

 Coelesyria ; Aintab. 



Var. aiiisacantlium, Boiss. Spines of outer scales somewhat 

 longer — Coelesyria ; Antilebanon ; Haurau. 



* * Pappus feathery. Scales of involucre all appressed. 



5. O. cyiiaroceplialum, Boiss. et Bl. (2) 1 to 3, greenish, 

 somewhat cobwebby, minutely glandular-viscid ; wings pinnatiparted 

 injo strong, lanceolate-spines. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, pin- 

 natisect or parted into short, spiny lobes, upper smaller, decurrent. 

 Heads ovate, .08 to .1 or more long; scales of involucre glabrous, glossy, 

 the outer oblong-triangular, the inner lanceolate, shorter than flowerets 

 — May to August — Coast to subalpine regions of coast range ; interior 

 plains. 



63. CYNARA, L. Artichoke. Ardi-shauM. 



Heads many-flowered, flowerets all perfect. Scales of involucre 

 imbricated, leathery, ending in a spine. Receptacle fleshy, honey- 

 combed, fringed with bristles. Filaments free, terminal appendages 

 of anthers obtuse. Akenes obovate-oblong, somewhat 4-angled, hilum 

 at base, apex scarcely margined. Pappus in many rows, feathery, 

 united in a deciduous ring at base — Spiny, perennial herbs. 



C. Syriaca, Boiss. 2f 1 to 2 ; stems thick, corymbose, 3-7- 

 headed. Root-leaves .3 to .5 long, pinnatisect into oblong-lanceolate, 

 triangular-lobed, prickly segments ; lobes of stem-leaves narrower. 

 Heads ovate-turbinate, .06 long, long-peduncled ; involucre contracted, 

 at apex, scales reddish, oblong, ending in spiny-tipped, obcordate, 

 spreading or reflexed appendages, the mner scales scarious ; flowerets 

 violet — August and September — Fields and waste places ; coast. 



C. Scolymus, L. , Artichoke, Ardi-shauhi is largely cultivated for 

 its succulent receptacle and fleshy parts of the scales of the involucre. 

 The leaves of this species are from 1 to 1.3 long. 



C. Carduncellus, L., Cardoon, is somewhat cultivated as a 

 vegetable, the parts used being the stalks of the inner leaves, which 

 are rendered white, crisp, and tender by blanching. The flowers have 

 the property of coagulating milk. 



64. SIL.YBIJM, Vaill. Milk-Thistle. 



Heads many-flowered ; flowerets equal, homogamous. Involucre 

 imbricated, the outer scales spiny-tipped, with spinulose-ciliate margins. 

 Receptacle fleshy, fringed with bristles. Filaments papillose, mona- 

 delphous ; anthers with short appendages. Akenes obovate, laterally 

 compressed, smooth, with hilum at base, and elevated margin at apex. 

 Pappus consisting of several rows of scabrous bristles united at base 

 into a deciduous ring — Spiny herbs with aspect of Carduus. 



