xiv CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS. 



style short. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit a small drupe. Albumen 0. 

 Shrubs or trees, usually aromatic. Leaves alternate, penniveined. 



CXXV. Casuarixe>v-. Flowers unisexual, in spikes or strobiles. Male flower : 

 Perianth-se.oments 1 or 2, circumscissile. Stamen 1 ; filament inflexed in bud. 

 Female flower: Perianth 0. Ovary 1- celled ; style short. Ovules 2. Fruit a nut 

 enclosed by the persistent woody bracts. Albumen 0. Leafless trees or shrubs. 

 Branches articulated at tlie nodes where they bear 4 to many scales in a whorl. 



Series VIII. — Ordines anomali. Orders nearest allied to those of Sc7^ies VII., 

 Uniscxuales, but not sufficiently closely so to be joined to any one of them. 



CXXVI. Salicine.t:. Flowers dioecious, solitary under each bract of cylindrical 

 catkins, more rarely in ebracteolate racemes. Perianth 0. Disc of 1-2 glands, or 

 cup-shaped. Stamens 2 to mnny. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas, 2- to 

 many-ovuled. F;ruit a 2-4-valved capsule. Seeds small or minute, with silky hairs 

 from the funicle, exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate ; stipules small 

 and deciduous, or leafy and persistent. 



CXXVII. Ceratophylle^r. Flowers unisexual, axillary. Perianth thinly 

 herbaceous, multipartite. Stamens many. Ovary 1 -celled, l-ovuled. Fruit a, 

 nutlet. Seed pendulous, exalbuminous; embryo straight. Submerged aciuatic 

 herbs. Stems elongated, leafy all over. Leaves verticillate, 2 -fid or dichotomonsly 

 divided into fdiform or linear segments. Flowers solitary at each leaf -whorl. 



Subdivision GYMNOSPERM^. 



Pollen-sacs and oniles borne on modified leaves (scales : sporophylls), which are 

 fn-ouped spirally or in whorls or pairs — or the ovules cauline, terminal and solitary — 

 on separate axes of the same or of different individuals (monoecious and dioecious 

 species) ; the groups of sexual leaves forming, or the solitary terminal ovules entering 

 into the formation of — (1) "cones" (strobiles: flowers) without any specialized 

 envelope, althougli frequeutly subtended and in the earliest stages covered by stfuami- 

 iovm caia.\)\\y\h iConifernles : Cycadales'], ox (2) "florets" (flowers of most authors) 

 with a perianth-like envelope in the i and an ovary-like envelope in the ? sex 

 \_Gnetales'\. Pollen-sacs (microsporangia : anther-cells) 2-cc on the underside of the 

 i scales (microsporophylls) or around the scale-stalk or gi-ouped into "anthers" 

 borne on free or more or less fused filaments (stamens, finctales). Pollen -gi-ains 

 (microspores) on germination producing 1-3 vegetative cells (prothallium) and a very 

 rudimentary antheridium which gives rise to 2 usually immotile, more rarely motile 

 [Cycadales: Ginlajoales'] male cells. Ovules (macro- or megasporangia) sessile or 

 subsessile and borne directly or indirectly (by the intercalation of a scale-, ligule-, or 

 aril-like appendage), on the upper side [most Coniferce] of the expanded ? scales 

 (macro- or megasporophylls : carpels) or in direct continuation of the axis of the 

 cone [some Coniferce'] or the floret IGneialcs], never enclosed in a mono- or poly- 

 carpellary ovary with a style and stigma (hence termed "naked '). Integument 1, 

 sometimes with an accessoiy outer perfect or imperfect envelope (outer integument : 

 aril : epimatium). Nucellus large, free from the integument only in the upper 

 region. Endosperui formed before fertilization (prothallium), filling the whole 

 embryo-sac or only a portion of it [Gnctum sometimes] and apically bearing rudi- 

 mentary archegonia whose egg-cells after fertilization undergo embryonic divisions 



