begin to serve at three years of age and are generally castrated 

 at 5 or 6 years. The cow has a first calf usually at the age of 

 3 years and the calf is allowed as much milk as it can take 

 during the first six months. 



Jjxjjhe Bhag tract a certain amount of grazing is available 

 in the rains] The principal grass (known locally as gum) is some- 

 what like china, in appearance and is very nutritious. It 

 appears with the winter rains, and Gundhil grass also grows very 

 densely. But the chief cattle food both in the Bhag tract and 

 near Dajal i*.jowar 9 of which a very fine quality is grown in 

 this part of the country, containing an unusually large amount 

 of sugar. 



- Thfl Massuwah cattle are not stall fed to the same extent 

 as those from the Bhag and Dajal tracts. They graze during 

 the cay on the river banks. From July to October they get 

 green j<>war, and from January to March pease and methi mixed 

 with bhoosa. In the evening they are generally given chopped 

 jowar and oil -cake. 



VIL TBE INTERMEDIATE TRACTS. 



Certain parts of the province may be considered as occupying 

 an intermediate position between the tracts where climatic con- 

 ditions are entirely favourable to cattle-breeding and where a 

 profitable export trade is in existence and those less favoured 

 di>tricts in which the farmer is forced to import a class of animals 

 superior to that produced locally. Such intermediate tracts pro- 

 ducing and rearing for export, and also importing, are the 

 / territories of the Phulkian States lying between the Ghaggar and 

 the Sutlej, the southern part of the Ferozepore district, and the 

 Lyallpur district. The Phulkian States and part of the Feroze- 

 pore district, corresponding roughly to the tract known as the 

 Malwa, are naturally well suited for breeding, and the Malwa 

 breed is still recognised as a distinct type. But owing to the 

 j introduction of canal irrigation and the contraction of grazing 

 1 grounds, cattle-breeding in the Malwa is becoming less important 

 than cattle-rearing. A judicious restriction of canal water has 

 prevented the climate from deteriorating, and the Jat Sikhs, who 

 are the most important inhabitants of the Malwa, have not been 

 Blow to recognise the advantages which their country possesses, 

 lying as it does between the breeding grounds of Hariana and 

 the highly cultivated districts of the Central Punjab. The pros- 

 perous and enterprising Jat goes to the cattle fairs of Hariaoa, 

 and even further afield, buys up cattle of the best type, two or three 

 years of age, and returns with them to his home. The sandy 

 soil and healthy climate of the Malwa together with the 



