18 



bolls and coppices of the Karil, Jand and Van. Thus the nomad grazier 

 was able to weather out almost the whole 12 months in the Bar in a good 

 season. In years of very scanty rainfall the nomad graziers would exhaust 

 the pastures of the Bar, and have to take refuge in the Belas or riverain 

 tracts of the Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. They used on such occasions 

 to wander up as far north as Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur, and as far south 

 as Bahawalpar. It is probable that in such years the loss of cattle was 

 very great. The Janglis only kept cows and bulls and young stock. 

 Very few young male stock ever came to maturity. They were generally 

 (as they are still in the Montgomery district) starved of milk in their early 

 years and either sold, exchanged or eaten when they began to grow big ; 

 the real Jangli had very few buffaloes as he was unable to keep them 

 in the arid climate of the Bar. The buffaloes were almost entirely kept 

 by his neighbours the Hitharis or riverain proprietors of the Ohenab and 

 Ravi. 



It is estimated that at the commencement of colonization there were 

 about 55,000 Janglis who supported themselves solely by living on milk 

 and by the proceeds of the sale of ghi, hides, horns and young cattle in 

 the Bar. Unfortunately it is impossible to separate the Bar tracts in 

 the tirni papers or cattle enumerations of the Gujranwala, Jhang and 

 Montgomery districts, so we cannot form even a rough estimate of the 

 number of cattle possessed by the Janglis when the Canal came. The 

 Janglis state that the bulk of the animals which they had were cows and 

 young stock of the Montgomery or Kachi (Ohenab) breeds, a few cows and 

 bullocks of Hissar, Dhan, Desi and Sind breed which had been passed on 

 to them by thieves in other districts, a large number of goats of what are 

 known as the Bahawalpur and Shahpur breeds and a few buffaloes. 



Into this area the colonist was introduced and the Jangli himself re- 

 ceived land to cultivate. No grazing areas were reserved in yeoman and 

 capitalist chaks. In peasant chake, which form the bulk of the colony area, 

 20 per cent, grazing area was reserved in 250 villages, and in the remain- 

 ing villages in the colony 10 per cent. The better low -lying area was 

 snapped up in every chak for cultivation and only the higher and less fer- 

 tile land left for grazing with the result that the grazing area in most 

 villages only affords real grazing in the months of Sawan and Bhadon and 

 not at other times of the year. By the end of 1906 (last special census) 

 the population of the colony had risen to 857,829 souls and out of the Bar 

 area 1,829,850 acres had been allotted for cultivation. The colonists as a 

 rule brought with them one or two yokes of plough bullocks per family and 

 a cow or buffalo for milk. Tenants brought much the same and village 

 menials brought a fev7 poor milch or plough cattle and some sheep and 

 goats. For the first few years of colonization owing to the lack of than as 

 and the large bands of unsettled Janglis wandering about the Bar who 

 were expert thieves, people did not care to bring good cattle to the Bar 

 as they were speedily stolen. As the Janglis got settled they had to get 

 rid of their extra stock and sold very large numbers of cows and young 

 stock to the immigrant colonists. The Jangli finding he had plenty of 

 green fodder on his grant in turn began to purchase buffaloes, which he 

 esteemed on account of his milk diet, from the Niti (Sutlej) and Chenab. 

 This stage is therefore marked by unloading by Janglis of their Mont- 

 gomery and Kachi stock of cows and young bullocks to immigrant grantees 



