vaat quantity is locally consumed and does not appear in any 

 record of internal or external trade. But there can >; be no {doubt 

 that the manufacture of ghi is the principal home industry of 

 , the province. It is also equally certain that owing to the lack of 

 co-operative methods the producer fails to receive his appropriate 

 share of the profits and that the consumer has to put up with 

 frequent adulteration of an article, for which he pays an increas- 

 ing price. 



The principal ghi -producing tracts of the province are the 

 /districts of Karnal, Hissar, Rohtak and Delhi, and the Jaga- 

 dhri tahsil in the Delhi Division, the Ludhiana and Phillour tahsils 

 of the Jullundur Division, the Montgomery District, and the 

 Khangah Dogran and Hafizabad tahsils in the Lahore Division, 

 the Lyallpur District, the Kacha and Thais of Muzaffargarh in 

 the Multan Division, the Khushab tahsil of Shahpur and the 

 Thai of Mianwali and the Phalia tahsil and and Dinga ilaqa of 

 the Kharian tahsil of the Gujrat District in the Rawalpindi Divi- 

 N sion. The province is chiefly self-supporting in the matter of 

 ghi, the exports to the United Provinces and elsewhere being 

 balanced by imports from other tracts such as the Poonch State 

 and Sindh. The chief consumers, of course, are iu the large 

 s cities of Lahore, Amritsar, Delhi, Rawalpindi and Multan. De- 

 tailed statistics of import and export are difficult to obtain from 

 the railway returns. But the fact that an average of 10,000 

 maunds, which may be valued at Rs. 3^ lacs, is annually exported 

 by rail alone from the Karnal District, while a large amount 

 finds its way by road to Patiala and other centres, gives some 

 idea of the importance of this village industry. The Deputy 

 Commissioner of Montgomery in his report estimates the net 

 profit from ghi to the district as Rs. 15 lacs. 



The wholesale supply trade is in the hands of traders ^chiefly 

 \ of the bania class, residing at convenient ^centres on the railway. 

 The ghi is supplied to these centres by the smaller^ village traders 

 to whom it is brought by their zamindar clients. The zamindar 

 receives occasionally cash, but more often credit in his running ac- 

 count, which is balanced if at all at irregular intervals and rarely 

 in favour of the zamindar. The profits of the middleman, though 

 extremely difficult to arrive at, are indicated by the number of such 

 persons who pay income in the ghi-producing tracts. 



To show the business carried on by these ghi merchants it may 

 be mentioned that a single bania from the village of Gharaunda in 

 the Karnal District, a station on the Delhi-Kalka line, despatched 

 in 11 months, from July 1908 to June 1909, ghi valued at 

 Rs. 39,000 to places as far distant as Simla, Amritsar, Jullundur, 



