8 



The indigenous breed is by no means uniform in size or 

 quality. The typical characteristics are thus described by Major 

 Walker, Chief Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department. 



"The cattle of the Hariana tract vary considerably in size, but they 

 are similar in general characteristics. 



Typical animals vary from 54 to 60 inches in height and they are com- 

 pact, active and powerful. 



In colour the cattle of this breed are almost invariably grey, the neck 

 and shoulders being of a darker grey in some cases. 



The bulls are generally black or blue, grey over the neck and shoulders. 

 The skin is usually black in colour and rather thick in comparison with 

 English cattle. 



The head is light and the face elongated ; the ears are long and 

 inclined to be pendulous. Very large and pendulous ears are disliked by 

 the people. The horns are fine and rather short ; they are carried horizon- 

 tally when short, and when longer curve upwards and inwards. They are 

 usually black in colour. 



The neck is of medium length, and the hump large especially in bulls. 

 The body is light on longish clean legs ; the tail is short and thin ; the feet 

 small, hard and well shaped. 



The dewlap is large and pendulous; the sheath in the males is short 

 and close. 



The cows are of course lighter in build, The udder is capacious and 

 well formed and extends well forward with the milk veins well developed ; 

 teats from one and a half to two inches in length, equal in thickness, and 

 hanging perpendicularly. A good milch cow gives from 8 to 12 seers 

 daily in its native country, but the yield falls off when the cow is exported." 



The country lying between the Salt Range and the Sohan 

 (ii) The Pothwar- River is to the north-western districts of the Pun- 

 / Dhanni tract. jab what the Hariana tract is to the south. The 



climate is healthy and the cultivation depends entirely on rainfall. 

 There is little grazing in the true sense of the term, for excepting 

 the rocky ridges and the ravines which intersect the country, every 

 acre is under cultivation. But the people are good cattle masters, 

 and take a pride in their animals, which they are careful to exer- 

 cise so far as space is available. Communications are still difficult, 

 and this fact has tended to preserve two or more distinct va- 

 rieties. The general type is thus described 



The Dhanni breed of cattle, also known as Jothwar and Nukra 

 is confined to a comparatively small area in the Jhelum, Attock and 

 Rawalpindi districts, the chief breeding centres being Chakwal and 

 Talagang. The animals are uniform and differ considerably from 

 the other breeds of the Punjab. 



