This well known fact hardly requires demonstration, but it is 

 interesting to observe the confirmation it receives from the returns 

 of stock sold at the seasonal fairs, for which the tract is noted, J 

 and from the recent cattle census of the Province. Every animal 

 attending the fair is bred locally, and every Central Punjab district 

 draws on Hariana for bullocks. A large majority of those record- 

 ed as sold in the tract itself find their way almost immediately 

 into the hands of traders from other districts, or are taken by local 

 dealers to Lyallpur to meet the demands of new cultivation in the 

 colonies. The sales to districts of the United Provinces are scarce- 

 ly less numerous. Having regard to the admitted excellence of 

 the Hariana breed the importance of this tract as a store-house of 

 cattle for the rest of the Punjab cannot be over-estimated* The 

 whole population of Hariana is vitally interested in the mainten- 

 ance of this store and the matter is of no less importance to the 

 districts drawing their supplies from this source. 



The physical features of Hariana constitute an ideal breeding 

 ground. The climate is dry, and though at times extremely hot, 

 is generally healthy. The dry sandy soil contains an amount of 

 lime essential to bone formation in young stock. The rainfall is 

 scanty, but a few monsoon showers produce a plentiful crop of 

 excellent grasses both in the cultivated fields and on the sandy 

 hillocks, whicn are a marked feature of the more arid tracts. In 

 the dry seasons the scarcity of fodder, inasmuch as it forces the 

 animals to roam far in search of their needs, ensures a sufficiency 

 of exercise, while the fodder itself, though deficient in quantity, / 

 is always rich in nitrogenous principles. 



The cattle are generally kept in enclosures formed of dried 

 thorny Jhar bushes (zizyphus nummularia) inside the village. 

 The herds consisting of cows, young stock, and bullocks not 

 actually working, are driven out to graze every morning and 

 return at night. 



Cows usually have their first calf at about 4 years, most of 

 the calves being born in the latter months of the cold weather. 

 The calves are usually allowed half the milk for 4 months and are 

 then gradually weaned and sent out with the herd to graze. Bull 

 calves which remain unsold, if not selected as bulls, are castrated 

 between two and three years of age. To supplement the grazing 

 to which the herds are driven every day, stall-feeding is given, 

 especially in the rainy season before the grass springs up. The 

 staple fodders are jowar-chari, chaffed or thrown down in 

 bundles ; pala or the leaves of the Jhar (zizyphus nummularia) ; 

 wheat and gram, bhusa. gram, Tchal or oilcake in the hot season, 

 and binaultf (cotton seed) in the cold. Cows in milk and working 

 bullocks get more than dry cows and bullocks not in work. 



