begins the increase of moisture renders the climate less healthy. 

 Breeding becomes less and less successful. Even where, as in the 

 lower reaches of the Sirhind Canal and in parts of the colonies, - 

 climatic conditions are still not unfavourable, the contraction of 

 grazing grounds makes the zamindar less and less inclined to be 

 at the trouble and expense of breeding his own plough cattle, and 

 cultivators who have to stall-feed their animals learn that it does 

 not pay to keep more than are sufficient for their own requirement. ^_ 

 As improved communications have gone hand-in-hand with ex- 

 panding irrigation, the cultivator finds it easier to buy his cattle 

 than to breed a type suitable to his requirements. The local type 

 is replaced by imported animals, and the distinctive breed 

 disappears. Thus Captain Pease found that very few pure bred 

 specimens existed of the cattle formerly characteristic of the 

 Nardak and Ban gar tracts in the Karnal district. In that locality 

 well irrigation from a deep water level carried on by means of 

 powerful bullocks has been abandoned in favour of canal irrigation. 

 In the early days of the canal the Bangar country was swamped 

 and became unhealthy for men and beast. The local breeds 

 gradually disappeared, and their place is now taken by importations 

 from the Hariana tracts of Rohtak and Hissar. Major Walker 

 in his recent survey of cattle in the Amritsar District states that 

 the Manjha breed described by Captain Pease is now almost 

 extinct as a separate type. Similar forces are at work in the case 

 of the Malwa breed. In the Bar tracts before the advent of the 

 canal little cultivation was done, and the Bar herds though famous 

 for their milch cattle never produced draught cattle of any 

 importance. 



The sources of the cattle supply are now practically confined 

 to the Hariana tracts in the south of the province, the Potwar, 

 Dhani and Talagang tracts of the Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Attock 

 districts in the North-West, and the country near Dajal in Dera 

 Ghazi Khan. Certain tracts such as the Ferozepore district, the 

 Phulkian States and the Colonies are still to some extent self- 

 supporting. The rest of the province though producing and 

 exporting (chiefly to the United Provinces) a number of inferior 

 animals, relies for its best draught cattle on importations from the 

 remaining breeding centres. 



V. GENERAL BREEDING ARRANGEMENTS. 



Most villages in the central and southern districts of the 

 province have one or more bulls, occasionally provided by Govern- 

 ment but more often let loose as a religious duty by well-to- 

 do banias or zamindars. Wealthy Hindus usually provide yearlings, 

 too often of inferior quality. But village communities, if sufficient- 



