CONCLUSIONS ON MIMICRY AND SEX 137 



generally red-marked American ' Aristolochia 

 swallow-tails ' (Pharmacophagus) by the females of 

 Papilio swallow-tails was probably begun in this 

 way. 



(4) It is probably incorrect to assume with 

 Haase that Mimicry always arose in the female 

 and was later acquired by the male. Both sexes 

 of the third section of swallow-tails (Cosmodesmus} 

 mimic Pharmacophagus in America, far more per- 

 fectly than do the females of Papilio. But this 

 is not due to Cosmodesmus presenting us with 

 a later stage of the history begun in Papilio ; for 

 in Africa Cosmodesmus is still mimetic (of Danainae) 

 in both sexes although the resemblances attained 

 are imperfect, while many African species of 

 Papilio have non-mimetic males with beautifully 

 mimetic females. The explanation is probably 

 to be sought in the fact that the females of 

 Papilio are more variable and more often tend 

 to become dimorphic than those of Cosmodesmus, 

 while the latter group has more often happened 

 to possess a sufficient foundation for the origin 

 of the resemblance, in patterns which, from the 

 start, were common to male and female. 



(5) In very variable species with sexes alike, 

 Mimicry can be rapidly evolved in both sexes 

 out of very small beginnings. Thus the reddish 

 marks which are common in many individuals 

 of Limenitis arthemis were almost certainly the 

 starting-point for the evolution of the beautifully 

 mimetic L. archippus. Nevertheless in such 



