MIMICRY ON THE PACIFIC COAST 193 



range of the models into Arizona, and, with 

 diminished effect, still further north into the 

 allied sub-species. Although the details of the 

 resemblance leave little doubt that this interpre- 

 tation is correct for the southern bredowi, it is 

 possible that californica represents an ancestral 

 form connecting the Adelphas with Limenitis, a 

 form left isolated and comparatively unchanged 

 in the north, 1 while its southern allies have been 

 modified by the presence of the dominant 

 Adelphas. At any rate in one feature neither 

 sub-species appears to be mimetic, viz. in the 

 yellowish tint of the conspicuous band crossing 

 both wings ; for in all the Central American 

 Adelphas at all resembling them this marking is 

 pure white or bluish-white. We cannot hope 

 to determine how far the pattern of californica 

 is ancestral until the structural relationships 

 and the early stages of Limenitis in the widest 

 sense and Adelpha have been most minutely 

 investigated. 



Limenitis lorquini, occurring with L. californica 

 in Nevada, California, and Oregon, also extends 

 far north of this species into British Columbia 

 and Vancouver Island. Among all the North 

 American species of Limenitis it is the one which 

 comes nearest to the Old World forms, as Scudder 

 recognized when he included it with the European 

 L. populi in the genus Najas, separating all the 

 other American forms of Limenitis except cali- 



1 See, however, pp. 198-9. 



