INTRODUCTION 13 



subject to the payment of royalty or other consideration, the 

 amount of which is determined by the Board of Arbitration 

 provided for in the Scheme. 



Many other details are considered and arranged in the pro- 

 gramme, which appears from a report by Professor Duncan to 

 have met with remarkable success during the four years it had 

 been in operation. Eighteen Fellowships had been established 

 in the University of Kansas, and twenty were about to be 

 instituted in the University of Pittsburg. This appears to 

 show that the industrial employer had been satisfied with the 

 results. There appears to be no reason why this plan should 

 not be adopted in many other universities, as it could manifestly 

 be put into operation in all those cases in which direct daily 

 observation of processes going on in the works is not essential. 

 That is the qualification which seems to indicate a greater con- 

 venience in the other system, previously described, in which the 

 chemist in the laboratory has immediate access to the manu- 

 facturing operations, for the advantage of which he is supposed 

 to be at work. 



Sufficient has now been said to convey a general idea of the 

 position of chemistry as the basis of a calling or profession. In 

 the chapters which follow a description will first be given of some 

 chemical laboratories, which may be regarded as typical, and of 

 the more important operations which are carried on in them, in 

 order that the reader who is not a chemist may gain some notion 

 of the work carried on in the scientific laboratory and in the 

 chemical manufactory. 



Chemistry is that department of natural knowledge which is 

 concerned primarily in determining composition, or in other words 

 finding out what things of all kinds are made of. The chemist 

 has to deal with gases like common air, with water and other 

 liquids, and with solid matters of all kinds whether mineral or 

 organic. He is therefore not confined to the study of com- 

 position only, but, with the aid of methods and instruments 

 drawn from other departments of science, he examines the 

 properties of bodies and the conditions under which compounds 

 are formed or are decomposed. In every operation of nature 

 chemical change is incessant, in the material of the earth's crust, 

 in the sea and in the air, in life, death, and decay. The chemist 

 has all nature for his province. 



By careful study by many generations of men, more par- 



