PRODUCTION OF DYES 317 



coal-tar have changed in the half -century which has elapsed 

 since that time. In the first place the reporter enumerates the 

 chief colours then recently discovered. These are practically all 

 included under the several headings of paragraphs in the Report, 

 viz. : Aniline Violets (mauve), Aniline Red (magenta), Aniline 

 Yellow (chrysaniline), Aniline Blue, Quinoline Blue, Colouring 

 Matters derived from Phenol (rosolic acid and picric acid), 

 with a short paragraph relating to early results obtained with 

 derivatives of naphthalene. Where one artificial substance 

 capable of employment as a dye was known in 1862, there are 

 probably fifty now available, without reference in either case to 

 the numerous vegetable extracts obtained from wood, leaves, 

 flowers, berries, etc., which produced all the effects known to our 

 forefathers. Nor is it unimportant to notice who were the 

 manufacturers of colours from coal-tar at the time of the ex- 

 hibition. This can be gathered from the number of awards and 

 medals and honourable mentions to the chief European countries 

 represented. The United Kingdom received twelve medals and 

 four honourable mentions, France received twenty-one medals 

 and five honourable mentions, Germany and Austria together 

 obtained twelve medals and seven honourable mentions. Speak- 

 ing of aniline red the reporter, a German, makes the following 

 statement : 



" Amongst those who have succeeded best are, in France 

 Messrs. Renard Brothers and Franc and Messrs. Fayolle and Co., 

 licencees of Messrs. Renard of Lyons, who have exhibited 

 aniline reds, violets, and blues of great beauty, and to whom a 

 just tribute of eulogium has been given. 



" In Germany M. R. Knosp of Stuttgardt, and in Switzerland 

 Messrs. J. J. Miiller and Co. of Basle have also acquired a well- 

 merited reputation. 



" But it is in England that the most beautiful products have 

 been obtained ; in proof of which assertion the reporter con- 

 fidently points to the splendid exhibition of Messrs. Simpson, 

 Maule, and Nicholson which has attracted such general atten- 

 tion. It is only justice to state that while France has had the 

 merit of inaugurating the industrial production of aniline red, 

 England may, thanks to the activity, science, and untiring 

 efforts of Mr. Nicholson, claim the honour of having brought this 

 manufacture to its present high degree of perfection." 



It may well be asked why and when did England decline from 



