l8o THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



Theileria mutans, Theiler, 1907. 



Syn. : Piroplasma mutans* 



This is transmissible experimentally by blood inoculation. It occurs in cattle in 

 South Africa and Madagascar and is apparently non-pathogenic. No Koch's blue 

 bodies are formed. It is transmitted by ticks. 



Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky and Luhs) occurs in cattle in Transcaucasia. 

 A Theileria (T. siordii] has been found in a gazelle (Franga, 1912). 



Genus. Anaplasma, Theiler, 1910. 



This genus 1 may be mentioned here. The organisms included therein are, 

 according to Theiler, coccus-like, consisting of chromatin, and are devoid of cyto- 

 plasm. They occur in the red blood corpuscles of cattle, causing a disease charac- 

 terized by destruction of red cells, fever and anaemia, but with yellow urine. The 

 disease is tick transmitted. The bodies now called Anaplasma marginale were 

 formerly described as marginal points. They multiply by simple fission. They are 

 said by Theiler to cause gall-sickness in cattle in South Africa. Some authors doubt 

 whether these bodies are organismal. 



Genus. Paraplasma, Seidelin, 1911. 



Under this generic name Seidelin described certain bodies found 

 by him in cases of* yellow fever in 1909. The type species is 

 P. flavigenum, 2 and is claimed by Seidelin to be the causal agent of 

 yellow fever. 



Paraplasma flavigenum occurs in the early days of the disease as 

 small chromatin granules with or without a faint trace of cytoplasm. 

 The bodies are usually intracorpuscular. Also, somewhat larger forms, 

 with distinct cytoplasm, are seen in small numbers. During the later 

 days of the disease still larger forms are found, and these occur also 

 in sections of organs (e.g., kidney) made post-mortem. Some of these 

 larger forms are perhaps schizonts. In the second period of the 

 disease possible micro- and macro-gametes may be found, some of 

 which are extracorpuscular. Some small free bodies have been seen. 

 Recently schizogony has been stated to occur in the lungs, and it is 

 said that guinea-pigs can be inoculated with Paraplasma flavigenum, 

 and show yellow pigment in the spleen. 



Seidelin places Paraplasma in the Babesiida', with resemblances 

 more particularly to Theileria. V. Schilling-Torgau and Agramonte 

 have criticized these findings ; the former considers them to be the 

 resultant of certain blood conditions. 



P. sub flavigenum was found by Seidelin in 1912 in a man suffering 

 from an unclassified fever in Mexico. 



Further, it is now known that a Paraplasma occurs naturally in 

 guinea-pigs. More researches are needed on these matters, as some 

 writers (e.g., Wenyon and Low) claim that the bodies are not 

 organismal. . 



1 Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iii, p. 135. 2 Yellow Fever Bulletin, i, p. 251. 



