194 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



as sickle-shaped bodies. The description hardly appears to indicate 

 Sarcosporidia. 



(3) Kartulis 1 observed Miescher's cylinders of various sizes in 

 the liver (?) and in the muscular system, of a Sudanese who had 

 succumbed to multiple abscesses of the liver and abdominal muscles. 

 This may be considered as the first actual case of the occurrence of 

 Sarcosporidia in man. Koch in 1887 described a case in Egypt. 



(4) The case reported by Baraban and St. Remy 2 was at once 

 demonstrated as certain. It related to a man who had been executed, 

 and in the laryngeal muscles of whom Sarcosporidia were found ; the 

 length of the parasites varied between 150 //, and 1,600 //,, their 

 breadth between 77 //, and 168 JJL. The affected muscular fibres were 

 distended to four times their normal thickness. This species was 

 described by Blanchard as " Miescheria " muris, but according to 

 Vuillemin, it was more probably Sarcocystis tenella of the sheep. 



(5) Vuillemin has also described a case of Sarcosporidia found 

 in the muscles of a man who died from tubercle at Nancy. The 

 author considered that the parasite corresponded to S. tenella. 



(6) Darling 3 (1909) found Sarcosporidia in the biceps of a negro 

 from Barbados. 



The Myxosporidia, Microsporidia, Actinomyxidia and possibly the 

 Sarcosporidia may be included within the section Cnidosporidia 

 (Doflein), since they possess spores containing polar capsules. 



Order. Haplosporidia, Caullery and Mesnil. 



The Haplosporidia are a group of organisms having both a simple structure and 

 life-history. The simplicity may represent a primitive condition or may be due to 

 degradation resultant on parasitism, and thus it is possible that the group is not 

 a homogeneous one. The order Haplosporidia was created by Caullery and Mesnil 

 in 1899, and includes parasites of rotifers, annelids (fig. no), Crustacea, fish, pro- 

 chordates and man. They may be present in the body cavity or alimentary tract, 

 and can also occur in the septum nasi of man, in the nervous system of Cephalo- 

 discus, and in tumours of fish. 



As the name implies, the spores of the Haplosporidia are simple, without polar 

 capsules, and are uninucleate. In some genera, e.g., Haplosporidium, Urospori- 

 dium (fig. in) there is a spore-coat or sporocyst which may be elongate or spiny. 

 The developmental cycle of a Haplosporidian, such as Haplosporidium or Bertramia, 

 begins with a small, uninucleate cell, often rounded, possessing a cell membrane that 

 may be prolonged into processes. Growth takes place, coupled with an increase in 

 the number of nuclei, so that a multinucleate trophozoite is produced. Later, this 



1 Kartulis, " Ueb. pathog. Protoz. b. Menschen," Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Inf., 1893, xu 'i> P- i- 

 Compare also Braun, M., Die Thier. Par. d. Mensch., 2nd Edit., Wrzbg., 1895, p. 92; 

 Braun, M., "Z. York. d. Sarcosp., b. Menschen," Centralbl. f. Bakt. 1895. xviii, p. 13. 



2 " Sur un cas de Tub. Psorosp. ob. chez 1'homme," C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1894 (x), I, 

 p. 201. " Le Parasitisme d. Sarcosp. chez 1'homme," Bibliogr. Anat. 1894, p. 79. 



8 Arch. Internal Med., Ill, p. 183. 



