242 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



Thibet, Amoor, Morocco, Tunis, Canary Islands and the Faroe 

 Islands. It deposits its eggs or spawn upon the mud around ponds, 

 ditches and streams. The eggs are laid in batches of thirty to a 

 hundred, each snail laying as many as 1,500 eggs ; they are united 

 into strips of a gelatinous substance. In about two weeks young 

 snails appear. It is amphibious, being more frequently met with out 

 of the water than in it. It occurs in elevated spots as well as in 

 low-lying districts. Moquin-Tandon found it at 4,000 feet in the 

 Pyrenees. In the allied species, L. peregra, the fluke will develop 

 up to a certain stage, but never completes all its varied phases. 



[In South America the host is probably Limnceus viator, Orb., 

 and in North America Limnceus humilis, Say. F. V. T.] 



In human beings as well as in some of the mammals quoted 

 above, the liver fluke is only a casual parasite, and hitherto only 

 twenty-eight cases have been observed in man ; the infection was 

 mostly a mild one and there were no symptoms, or only very 

 trifling ones ; a few isolated cases were only discovered post mortem. 

 Occasionally, however, even when the infection was inconsiderable, 

 severe symptoms were set up, which in isolated cases led to death. 

 The symptoms (enlargement and painfulness of the liver, icterus) 

 merely pointed to a disease of the liver. 



Diagnosis can only be established by finding eggs in the faeces. 

 Care should be taken not to confuse them with those of Dibolhrio- 

 cephalus latus. 



HALZOUN. 



In North Lebanon, the liver fluke is, according to A. Khouri, 

 a frequent parasite of man, not in the liver, however, but in the 

 pharynx. The occurrence in this unusual site 

 is effected by the eating of raw infected livers, 

 especially those of goats (Capra hircus). The 

 flukes thus taken in do not all reach the 

 stomach, where they would be soon killed, but 

 some of them attach themselves to the pharyn- 

 geal mucosa and to the adjoining parts, and 

 there cause inflammation and swelling, which 

 lead to dyspnoea, dysphagia, dysphonia and 

 FIG. 144- Young Fas- congestion of the head, sometimes even to 



ciola hepattca, soon after ,.,, 



entry into the liver. The stl11 more severe symptoms, and even death, 

 intestinal caeca have lateral The affection termed " Halzoun " lasts some 



diverticula. Magnified. , 



(From Leuckart.) hours or several days, and after vomiting 



recovery sets in. In other cases man becomes 



infected in the usual way by ingesting cysts attached to grass or 

 the underside of leaves of plants (e.g., Rumex sp.), where they 



