PARAGOXIMUS RINGERI 



cat (N. America). Ward and Hirsch give the following differences 

 between the spines of the three forms : 



Shape 

 Distribution 



P. ringeri. 



Chisel-shaped, mod- 

 erately heavy. 



Circular rows, in 

 groups. 



P. westermanii. 

 Lancet-shaped, 



very slender. 

 Circular rows, 



in groups. 



P. kellicotti. 

 Chisel-shaped, 



heavy. 

 Circular rows, 



singly. 



Two other species, P. rudis, Diesing, 1850, in a Brazilian otter 

 (Lutra brasiliensis), and P. compactus, Cobbold, 1859, in the Indian 

 ichneumon, are but little known. 



Habitat. Lungs, pleurae, and especially the bronchi of man and 

 dog. The alleged occurrence (of eggs) in other organs may be due 

 to confusion with those of Schistosoma japonicum. 



Distribution. China, Korea, and especially in Japan, where, accord- 

 ing to Katsurada, there are no districts that are entirely free from pul- 

 monary flukes. The mountainous provinces of Okayama, Kumamoto, 

 Nagano and Tokushima are the principal 

 centres. 



Pathology. The number present in the 

 lung varies from two to twenty, about. 

 Usually one cyst contains one worm, but in 

 the dog each cyst contains two. The cysts 

 admit the tip of the finger, and have a fibrous 

 wall i mm. thick. They originate partly from 

 dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles. Others 

 arise from the inflammatory reaction of lung 

 tissue into which the worms have wandered. 

 The worms and their eggs cause bronchitis 

 and peribronchitis, catarrhal, haemorrhagic, or 

 purulent, and areas of consolidation. Areas 

 containing eggs in their centre resembling 

 tubercle nodules are not uncommon, and 

 extensive cirrhosis of the lung may be found. 



As a result of these changes, emphysema and bronchiectasis also 

 occur. 



As to the development, only the following details are known : 

 that the eggs, which before segmentation of the ovum reach the open 

 in the sputum and through being swallowed also in the faeces, 

 develop in water into a miracidium ciliated all over, which hatches 

 and swims about freely. According to Manson this takes place in 

 four to six weeks. 



FIG. 151. Egg of Para- 

 gonimus ringeri, Cobb., 

 from the sputum. Showing 

 the ovarian cell and vitel- 

 line cells and granules. 

 1,000/1. (After Katsurada.) 



