T^NIA SOLIUM 335 



Jews, etc., not eating pork. In North America, also, T. solium is very 

 rare ; the tapeworm which is known there by this name is generally 

 T. saginata, Stiles. During the last decade T. solium infection has, 

 however, very markedly decreased in North and East Germany in 

 consequence of the precautions exercised by the public in the choice 

 of pork to avoid trichinosis, especially, however, because measly meat 

 must be sold as such and must be thoroughly cooked before being 

 placed on the market ; indeed, if badly infected it may not be sold 

 for food, but can be turned to account for industrial purposes. 



The occurrence of Cysticercus celluloses in man has been known 

 since 1558 (Rumler, 065. Died., liii, p. 32); there is hardly an organ 

 in man in which cystercerci have not been observed at some time ; 

 they are most frequently found in the brain, 1 where they grow to a 

 variety known as Cysticercus racemosus ; next in frequency they are 

 found in the eye, in the muscular system, in the heart, in the sub- 

 cutaneous connective tissue, the liver, lungs, abdominal cavity, etc. 

 The number of cysticerci observed in one man varies between a few 

 and several thousands. Of the sexes, men are most subject (60 to 

 66 per cent, of the number attacked). The disturbances caused in 

 man by cysticerci vary according to the nature or position of the 

 organs attacked ; when situated in the cerebral meninges they have 

 the same effect as tumours. 



During the last decades, however, these cases have also become 

 less common. In Rudolphi's time 2 per cent, of post-mortems in 

 Berlin showed cysticerci ; in the 'sixties, according to Virchow, about 

 the same ; in 1875 the number fell to r6 per cent ; in 1881 to 0-5 per 

 cent. ; in 1882 to 0*2 per cent. ; in 1900 to 0-15 per cent., and in 1903 

 to 0*16 per cent. Hirschberg between 1869 and 1885 discovered 

 cysticerci in the eye seventy times in 60,000 ophthalmic cases, but 

 during the following six years the parasite was only present twice 

 amongst a total of 46,000 cases of ophthalmic diseases, and since 

 1895 no ophthalmic case has been met with. 



The infection of human beings with the cysticerci can only take 

 place by the introduction of the oncospheres of Tcenia solium into 

 the stomach with vegetable foods, salads that have been washed 

 in impure water containing oncospheres, also by drinking con- 

 taminated water ; the carriers of T. solium, moreover, infect themselves 

 still more frequently through uncleanliness in defaecation, the privies 



1 Dressel, for instance, examined eighty -seven persons suffering from Cysticercus, and 

 found it seventy- two times in the brain, thirteen times in the muscles ; K. M tiller, in thirty- 

 six cases, found it twenty-one times in the brain, twelve times in the muscles, three times in 

 the heart ; Haugg, in twenty- five cases, found it thirteen times in the brain, six times in the 

 muscles, twice in the skin, etc. According to Graefe, amongst 1,000 ophthalmic cases in 

 Halle and Berlin, there was one with Cysticercus in the eye ; in Stuttgart there was only one 

 in 4,000, in Paris one in 6,000, and in Copenhagen one in 8,000. 



