T^ENIA SAGINATA 



341 



that the cysticercus of the ox is found chiefly in the musculi pterygo.de externi 

 and interni, and since that time a far greater number of infected oxen have been 

 found in Berlin. 



Since 1892 an increase has taken place in the number of oxen infected with 

 cysticercus, but this is probably attributable to the more general and searching 

 examinations. In the slaughter-houses of Prussia the number of infected beasts was 

 as follows : 



1892 ... 567 



1893 686 



1894 ... 74 



1895 ... 1,143 



1896 ... 1,981 



1897 ... 2,629 



The condition was most frequent in Neisse (3*2 to 4 per cent.), Eisenach 

 (1*91 per cent.), Ohlau (1*57 per cent.), Oels i. Schles. (i per cent.), Marienwerder 

 (o'34 to i '2 per cent.). The flesh of oxen only slightly infected (containing not more 

 than ten living cysticerci) is sold in pieces of not more than 5 Ib. to consumers 

 after having been rendered innocuous by cooking, or by pickling for twenty-one days 

 in 25 per cent, salt brine, or hanging for twenty-one days in suitable refrigerators; 

 oxen in which only one cysticercus is found are allowed free commerce, and those 

 strongly infected (i.e., containing more than ten living cysticerci) may only be used 

 for industrial purposes. 



It is a striking fact that more bulls than cows are infected (according to Reiss- 

 mann, in Berlin, from 1895 to 1902, 0-446 per cent, bulls, 0*439 P er cent, oxen, and 

 0^262 per cent, cows), the explanation of which, according to Ostertag, is that most 

 oxen are killed when young, when also infection most readily takes place, and, 

 further, that the larva later on in life can be completely atrophied. 



The cysticercus of the ox has hitherto been found in man on very 

 rare occasions. Arndt (Zeitschr. f. Psychiat., xxiv) mentions a case in 

 the brain, Heller in the eye, and Nabiers and Dubreith also in the 

 brain (Journ. med. Bordeaux, 1889 1890, p. 209) ; but the diagnoses 

 are not quite certain, as absence of hooks occasionally occurs in 

 Cysticercus cellulose?. 



Tcenia saginata is the most frequent tapeworm of man (with the 

 exception of Dibothriocephalus latus in a few districts), and the parasite 

 is widely distributed over the surface of the globe ; it has been known 

 in the East for ages, so far as data are available ; it is frequent in 

 Africa, America, and Europe. Its frequency has perceptibly increased 

 during the last few years, but a decrease should soon take place in 



