39 2 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



Head bougie-like, i.e., separated by a narrowing from the neck, 

 having two rows of minute papillae. Cuticle has extremely fine 

 striations. 



Female. 50 to 65 mm. long by 1*5 to 2 mm. broad. Vulva 

 0-4 to 07 mm. behind the head. Anus about J mm. from the tip 

 of the tail (vulva i to 1*3 mm. from head, and anus 0-17 to 28 mm. from 

 tail according to other authors). The vagina is a muscular tube form- 

 ing three bold loops, and has terminally a pyriform enlargement. 

 Uterus double (or single). Ovoviviparous. 



Male. 25 to 30 mm. long by OT mm. thick (40 by o ! i mm. ac- 

 cording to various authors). Probably two pairs of pre-anal papillae, 

 eight pairs of peri-anal, two pairs of post-anal papillae, and one pair 

 terminal. Tail curved. Two spicules, 0*2 and o'6 mm. respectively, 

 and a cup-like gubernaculum. The long spicule is cylindrical, 

 expanded proximally and tapering distally to a filament with wings. 

 At the tip it is spoon-like. The short spicule is of the same diameter 

 throughout. It is gutter-like, coarsely marked. Testis uncoiled, 

 terminating in a snowdrop-like process (Leiper). 



Eg s - 4 P by 25 p. They do not appear to possess a true shell, 

 but only an embryonal or vitelline membrane secreted by the ovum. 



Embryos. In the posterior part of the uterus eggs occur, in the 

 anterior part embryos; the larvae at birth measure 127/1, to 2oo/tby 

 8//, to 10 fj,. In the blood they measure in the fresh 260 //, by 7-5 /i to 8/t. 

 In stained films, owing to shrinkage, there is great variation in size, from 

 J 54^ to 311 //,. Probably 260/1 to 285/6 is the average in stained 

 films. 



Geographical Distribution. Europe : Two cases recorded, one 

 from near Barcelona. The patient suffered from hcemato-chyluria 

 and enlarged scrotum with mikrofilariae in the blood. A second 

 case from Siena. Africa : The filarial index has not been estimated 

 for various parts. In Nigeria it is about 10 per cent. 



Habitat. Lymphatic glands: e.g., inguinal, femoral, iliac, lumbar, 

 mesenteric, bronchial, superficial cervical, epitrochlear. 



Lymphatic vessels : e.g., those draining into the receptaculum chyli 

 of the spermatic cord, in the thoracic duct and in various different parts. 



Organs, etc. : Testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, tunica vaginalis, 

 mammary cyst, and in abscesses. 



They may occur in masses, but usually only a few (one to eight). 

 Females are commoner than males. Dead and calcified worms are 

 common in the various sites. 



Distribution of Larva in Body. These are by no means uniformly 

 distributed, but occur in greater number in the capillaries of the 

 lungs. Besides the lungs they occur in the capillaries of other organs, 

 as the following data of Rodenwaldt show: 



