POROCEPHALUS CONSTRICTUS 527 



the liver as well as in the lung, and appear to have been the cause of death in one 

 case (pneumonia, peritonitis). 



Primer has found the same parasite also in the liver of the giraffe. 



It has recently been assumed that Porocephalus constrictus is the larva of 

 Pentastoma moniliforme, Diesing, 1835, that attains a length of 70 mm. and lives 

 in the lungs of African Pythonides. The larva is known to have been ejected 

 from monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis, Cynocephalus maimori), from the giraffe 

 (Camelopardalis giraffa), from a species of hyaena (Proteles cristatus}, and should 

 be expected to occur frequently in smaller mammals which have been swallowed 

 by African serpents of enormous size. 



[The three species of Pentastomidcc, or tongue worms, found in 

 man are Lingnaiula serrata, Frolich ; Porocephalus annillatus, Wyman ; 

 and Pentastoma moniliformis, Diesing. 



[(i) Linguatiila serrata has been referred to under a great number 

 of names. 1 It is a frequent parasite in dogs, oxen and sheep ; as an 

 adult in the dog and also in the fox and wolf. The nymphal stage is 

 found in rats, hares, rabbits, the horse, oxen, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, 

 deer, the African and long-eared hedgehogs, porcupine, guinea-pig 

 and peccary. In man it is found in both adult and nymphal stages. 

 Sambon says the nymphal stage is of frequent occurrence, but is 

 usually overlooked. Zenker, who first found it in man, obtained it in 

 nine out of 160 post-mortems, usually encysted in the liver. It is then 

 said to be harmless. Landon, in 1878, found the adult in man, the 

 patient suffering from epistaxis for about seven years ; in the end 

 during a fit of sneezing the living parasite was ejected through the 

 nostril. This case is of particular interest as it appears to suggest 

 that this Acarid may now and then pass its entire development in the 

 same host, or at any rate may actively migrate from the liver to the 

 nasal cavities after a period of encystment in the liver or elsewhere, 

 which has also been observed in herbivorous animals (vide also p. 526). 



[It is recorded from man in Central America (Darling, Bull. 

 Soc. Path, exot., 1912, v, p. 118; and again Arch. Int. Med., 1912, v, 

 p. 401), also from Rio de Janeiro (Mem. lust. Oswaldo Cruz, 1913, 

 fasc. ii, p. 125) by Faria and Travassos. 



[(2) Porocephalns armillatns, Wyman, is also known under a variety 



1 [Synonymy given by Sambon : Adult form, Tenialanceole, Chabert, 1787; Ver rhinaire, 

 Chabert, 1787; Tcenia rhinaris, Pilger, 1805; Tcenia lanceolata, Rudolphi, 1805; Cochhts 

 rhinarius, Rudolphi, 1805; Prionoderma rhinaria, Rudolphi, 1808; Polystoma t&nioides, 

 Rudolphi, 1809; Linguatula tanioides, Lamark, 1816 ; Prionoderma lanceolata, Cuvier, 

 1817; Pentastoma tanioides, Rudolphi, 1819; Linguatula lanceolata, de Blainville, 1828; 

 Linguatula rhinaris, Railliet, 1885 ; Linguatula caprina, R. Blanchard, 1900. Nymphal 

 form: Linguatula serrata, P>61ich, 1789; Tttnia caprcea, Abildgaard, 1789; 7^<znia caprina, 

 Gmelin, 1800 ; Polystoma serrata, Goeze, 1800 ; Halysis caprina, Zeder, 1803 ; Linguatula 

 denticulata, Rudolphi, 1805 ; Echinorhynchus caprece, Braun, 1809; Tetragulus caprice, Bosc, 

 1810; Pentastoma denticulatum, Rudolphi, 1819; Pentastoma emarginatum, Rudolphi, 

 1819; Pentastoma fera, Creplin, 1829; Linguatula ferox, Gros, 1849. 



