528 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



of names. 1 This species is widely spread over tropical Africa. The 

 adult stage is found in pythons and puff-adders, the nymphal in the 

 chimpanzee, Sykes monkey, mandrill and other monkeys, the lion, 

 leopard, banded ichneumon, Aard wolf, clog, black rat, South African 

 reedbuck and the giraffe. The adult has never been found in man 

 or any mammal. No fewer than sixteen cases of the nymphal form,. 

 Sambon tells us, have been found in man, and it is probably much 

 more widespread than at present know r n. So far it has only been 

 found in the African natives. This species has sixteen to seventeen 

 body rings in the male, eighteen to twenty-two in the female, and the 

 body does not taper as much as in the next species. 



[(3) Pentastoma moniliformis, Diesing,' 2 is an Oriental species, found 

 in India, Indo-China and South China, and the Malay Archipelago. 

 The adult occurs in both the Indian and reticulated pythons. 

 The nymphal stage has been found in monkeys, the tiger, the civet and 

 the Indian otter. 



[The nymph has twice been found in man ; in one case in the liver 

 of a Filipino, the other in the serous coat of the small intestine of a 

 native of Sumatra. 



[This species can be told by the female having twenty-nine to 

 thirty-three body rings, the male twenty-six, and the annulations are 

 more bead-like and less prominent than in the African species. 



[In addition to these three, Sambon thinks it probable that others 

 occur in man. F. V. T.] 



OTHER REFERENCES TO Pent astomi dee. 



(1) "Die Wanderung des Pentastomum denticulatum beim Rinde," Centralbl. f. Bakt . 

 u. Parasitenk., Jan. 2, 1889, v (i), pp. 1-5, V. Bates. 



(2) "II Pentastoma mcniliforme, Dies., nella pantera," Med.-vet. Torino, 1877, 4 s., 

 vi (12), pp. 529-532, R. Bassi. 



(3) " On the Organization and Development of Linguatula (Pentastoma), accompanied 

 with the description of a new species from the abdominal cavity of the mandrill," Ann. and 

 Mag. Nat. Hist., 1848, 2 s. ii (7), 2, pp. 69-70, v. Beneden. 



(4) " De la Linguatula ferox (Pentastoma denticulatnm aut serratum}" Bull. Acad. roy. 

 d. Set. d. Belg., 1855, xxii, pt. i (i), pp. 4-10, v. Beneden. 



Adult form as Linguatula armillata, Wyman, 1847 ; Pentastomum polyzonum, Harley, 

 1856; Pentastomum armillatum, Leuckart, 1860; Pentastomum armillatum, Diesing, 1864; 

 Porocephalus armillatus, Stiles, 1893 ; Porocephalus polyzonus, Stiles, 1893 : Porocephalus 

 moniliformis, Neumann (in part), 1899. Nymphal form : Linguatula diesingii, van Beneden, 

 1849; Pentastomum eiiryzonum, Diesing, 1850; Nematoideum hominis, Diesing, 1851; 

 Pentastomum constrictum, von Siebold, 1852 ; Linguatula constricta, Kiichenmeister, 1855 ; 

 Pentastoma leonis, Wedl., 1863; Pentastoma fornatum, Cobbold, 1879; Pentastomum protelis, 

 Hoyle, 1883 ; Porocephalus constrictus, Stiles, 1893 5 Linguatula constrictor, Galli-Valerio, 

 1896; Pentastomum diesingii, Shipley, 1898. 



2 The synonomy is as follows : Adult form : Pentastoma moniliforme, Diesing, 1835 5" 

 Linguatule moniliforme, Megnin, 1880 ; Porocephalus moniliformis, Stiles. Nymphal form : 

 Pentastoma fornatum, Creplin (in part), 1849 ; Pentastoma wedlii, Cobbold, 1866 ; Penta- 

 stoma aonycis, Macalister, 1874 5 Porocephalus armillatus, Stiles (in part), 1908. 



