OTHER NEMATOCERA 577 



Genus. Taeniorhynchus, Arribalzaga ; Mansonia, Blanchard ; 

 Panoplites, Theobald. 



Comfit, rend. heb. Soc. Biol., 1901, iii, 37, p. 1046; "Mono. Culicid.," 

 1901, ii, p. 173; and 1910, v, p. 446, Theobald. 



A very marked genus, easily told by the broad asymmetrical wing scales. It 

 occurs in Africa (T. africana and T. major, Theob.) ; in Asia (T. it ni for mis, Theob. ; 

 T. annulipes, Walker, etc.) and in Australia (T. australiensis] ; in the Americas and 

 West Indies (T. titillans, Walker). The eggs (fig. 395, d) are peculiar in form and 

 are laid separately ; the larva has not been described ; the pupa has long curved 

 siphons. They mostly occur along rivers, in swamps and forests, and bite very 

 severely. They also enter houses (T. titillans]. T. uniforinis is most troublesome 

 during the rains. The saliva is strongly acid. Both these species carry the larvae of 

 Filaria bancrofti. 



Genus. Chrysoconops, Goeldi. 



" Os Mosq. no Para," 1905, p. 114, Goeldi; "Mono. Culicid., 1 ' 1910, 

 v P- 433> Theobald. 



Bright yellow or yellow and purple mosquitoes, with rather dense wing scales. 

 Numerous species occur in Africa (aurites, annettii, fuscopennatus, etc.), others in 

 India, Australia and South America. 



Low found filariae in the thoracic muscles ^fuscopennatus in Uganda. 



Several of the dLdeomyina bite, especially the small Uranotcenias. They are all 

 sylvan species, seldom entering houses. They need net, therefore, be referred to here. 



For full details of the Culicid genera and species the reader is referred to my 

 monograph 1 and other works mentioned below. 



Other Nematocera. 



Other nematocerous flies are midges, daddy-long-legs and sand-flies. The ones 

 which cause annoyance to man besides Culicidce are the following : 



Sand-flies (Simulidce], certain midges (Chironoinida), and a few owl midges 

 (PsychodidcE). 



The Nematocera have long thread-like jointed antennae and their pupae are, as a 

 rule, naked ; the larvae have a distinct head and can thus be told from the next 

 section (Brachycerd). 



Family. Simulidae. 



This family consists of a single genus, Simulium, Latreille, which Roubaud has 

 recently divided into two sub-genera called Pro-Simulium and Eu-Simulium. These 

 insects, which are frequently spoken of as sand-flies, are found in all parts of the 

 world; they are all small insects varying from 1*5 to 3 mm. The females are very 

 bloodthirsty, but the males appear to be incapable of sucking blood. 



The head sunk under the humped thorax ; antennae short, straight ; palpi short 



1 " A Monograph of the Culicida of the World, 51 5 vols. and atlas, 1901 to 1910, British 

 Museum (Nat. Hist.) ; and the following : Howaid, Dyar and Knab, "The Mosquitoes of 

 North and Central America and the West Indies," 1912; James and Listen, "The 

 Anophelinai of India," Leicester, 1908; "The Culicida of Malay," Inst. Med. Res., Fed. 

 Malay States, iii ; Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., papers by Nev\ stead and Carter; Mem. Inst. 

 Osivaldo Cruz, papers by Lulz, Neva, Chagas ; and the Bulletin of Entomological Research, etc. 



