582 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



males also bite (P. duboscii). They are mainly nocturnal feeders and hide away- 

 daring the day in any dark corners or crevices. 



The life-cycle has been worked out by Newstead 1 and Grass! 9 in Europe, and 

 by Hewlett 3 in India. 



The larvae have been found in crevices in rocks and caves, in dirty cellars, and 

 dark damp places containing rubbish, and are also said to live in crevices in the 

 walls of privies and cesspits. 



The minute larva is very marked ; as figured by Newstead it has two long chaetse 

 projecting upwards, in some stages branched, in others simple, and on the seg- 

 ments a few blunt spine-like processes. The pupae are found in similar situations. 

 The ova are very minute, elongate, translucent white, and covered with a thin coating 

 of viscous matter when first laid ; soon after they become dark brown, shiny, with 

 long black wavy lines. Newstead found the incubation period in Malta to last for 

 about nine days in P.papatacii. Five species are known in Europe, five in Africa, 4 

 two in North America, and eight are described by Annandale 5 in the Oriental region. 

 Lutz and Neiva have described three species from Brazil 6 (P. longipalpis, inter- 

 inediits and squawiveniris}, 



Brachycera (Flies). 



The antennae as a rule have three segments, and are usually shorter than the head. 

 The first segment of the antennas is frequently very small, and the third one is gener- 

 ally the largest, and sometimes possesses a terminal annulated bristle. The palpi have 

 from one to three segments ; the mandibles are covered by the labium. The three 

 thoracic rings are coalesced ; wings are almost always present, the posterior ones 

 being rudimentary and covered with a little scale. From the ova legless maggots 

 are hatched, which as a rule have not a distinct head, but occasionally possess 

 two claw-like booklets. These maggots live in decomposing organic matter ; they 

 rarely live in water and some of them are parasitic. They either become barrel- 

 shaped pupae within the last larval integument or, after casting it, are trans- 

 formed into naked pupae. The larvae of numerous Brachycera have been observed 

 in man, some in ulcers or on mucous membranes, others in the skin or in the 

 intestine, etc. In many cases the report only mentions the presence of the larvae of 

 flies ; in other cases the species has been determined ; whilst in still other cases the 

 corresponding adult creature is unknown. We must therefore confine ourselves to 

 describing the most common varieties. 



Family. Phoridae. 



These flies belong to the same division of Diptera, the Aschiza, as the family 

 SyrphidcE or " hover flies." They are all small insects with marked antennae and 

 wings ; the former have the third segment globular and enlarged, and thus hiding 

 the first two ; the wings are short and broad, the venation shows two short, thick, 

 long veins with four thin ones running out from them. The larvae normally live in 

 decaying animal and vegetable matter, but one species, Aphiochata ferniginea, 

 Brun., has been found as an intestinal parasite of man. 



1 Bull. Ent. Res., 1911, ii, pt. 2, pp. 47-78. 



"Ricerche sui Flebotomi," Mem. dell a Soc. ital. della Scienze, 1907, ser. 3, xiv, 

 PP- 353-394- 



" Indian Sand-flies," 2nd. Med. Cong., 1909, sec. Ill, pp. 239-242. 

 1 Newstead : Btdl, Ent. Res., 1912, iii, pp. 361-367. 

 > Rec. Ind. Mus., v, pt. 3, Nos. 13 and 14. 

 " Mem. Imt. Oswaldo Cruz, 1912, iv, fasc. I, pp. 84-95. 



