6lO THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



skin and lasts from nine to thirteen days ; it is barrel-shaped, 5 to 8 mm. long, and 

 of a bright reddish-brown to dark chestnut-brown colour. 



[This insect may act as a carrier of anthrax, and has been proved to be the agent 

 of an extensive epidemic of malignant pustule in the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. 1 



[Noe's 2 experiments tend to show that it is an intermediate host and transmitter 

 of Filaria labiato-papillosa of the ox. 



[Surra is generally stated to be transmitted by Stomoxys as well as Tabanus, 

 and yet Nitzman in the Philippines obtained uniformly negative results in exhaustive 

 experiments. Others have also been unsuccessful. Certainly Stomoxys can transmit 

 the disease in French West Africa (Bonet and Roubaud), and mechanically has 

 been proved to be capable of disseminating other trypanosomes (experimentally) : 

 sleeping sickness (T. gambiense}', nagana (T. brucei] ; sou ma (T. cazalboui} ; and 

 el debat (T. soudanense). 



[S. calcitrans may also be a carrier of poliomyelitis (Rosenau and Brues. 

 Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 1912, xv, No. 9, pp. 140-142). Several species are 

 ow known (S. brunnipes, Griinb. ; 5. inornata, Griinb. ; S. nigra, Macq. ; 

 S. omega, Newst. ; S. ochrosoma, Speiser, etc.). 



Genus. Lyperosia, Rondani. 



[A genus of small flies which bite man and animals, but are not so far connected 

 with the transmission of any disease in man, but in Java it appears to carry surra 

 (P. Schat, Meeledeel Praefstation Cost-Java, 1903, 36 ser., No. 44), the species being 

 Lyperosia exigua, Meijere. These flies can be told from Stomoxys by the palpi 

 being broader, flattened laterally, and as long, or nearly so, as the proboscis. 

 When not feeding the palpi enclose the proboscis, as in Glossina. They are usually 

 about half the size of Stomoxys, and are the smallest blood-sucking Muscidce. 

 They frequently swarm around and upon domesticated animals. 



[The life-history of the horn fly in America (L. irritans, Linn.) is well known. 

 It lays its ova singly in freshly dropped cow-dung, and there the maggots feed, 

 pupating in the soil beneath. 



[Patton and Cragg also give some details as to the life-history of Liperosia 

 exigua ("Medical Entomology," p. 375) as follows: " L. exigiia, whose habits 

 have been observed in Madras, usually lays twelve eggs at a time. The flies 

 immediately return to the cow and the process is repeated when the dung is again 

 dropped. The larvas migrate from the dung when about to pupate, and the puparia 

 are always found in the earth at some distance away or under the sides of the patch 

 of dung. The fly usually hatches out in five days, though sometimes as late as the 

 eighth. Weiss has studied the life-history of irritans var. weisii from Algeria I 

 its larval stage lasts five days, and the flies hatch out of the puparia in another 

 five days." 



[The other biting genera of Muscidce, Haematobia, Haematobosca, Bdellolarynx, 

 Stygeromyia, and Philaematomyia, although sometimes annoying to man, have 

 not in any way been connected with any disease. 



[The horse fly (Hcematobia irritans, L. 3 ) attacks cattle chiefly, but now and then 

 man is bitten. The different species can be told from Stomoxys by the palpi being 

 nearly as long as the proboscis. 



Bull, des Seances de la Soc. ent. de France, 1878, pp. cxliv, cxlv. 



- Atti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei, Anno CCC. Se Quint a, 1903, xii, 2 sem. fasc., 

 PP- 387-393. 



3 This is apparently the stinntlans of Meigen. 



