678 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



numerous larvae ; in the case of abscesses they are generally caused 

 directly by the adult parasites, as they have often been found in them ; 

 varices of the lymphatic vessels are either superficial or deep ; 

 lymphorrhagia arises from rupture of the dilated vessels ; chylous 

 ascites and chylous diarrhoea may also be produced by Filariae. 



Loa loa. 



Loa loa, according to modern investigations, is a parasite of the 

 subcutaneous connective tissue of man, and its appearance in the 

 conjunctiva somewhat accidental ; in earlier times it seems to have 

 been less common (Ziemann 1 ). A number of cases are seen in 

 Europe of patients who have lived in filaria regions, and on return 

 have been found to have this Nematode in the subconjunctival tissue. 

 Pick, 2 in the case of a man who had lived in the Cameroon s, 

 found the parasites in active motion under the connective tissue of 

 the eyeball right over the cornea ; extraction was easy. Ziemann 3 

 noted three cases of Loa loa in the eye accompanied by temporary 

 migratory swellings in different parts of the body. In one case, 

 observed by Wurtz and Cleri 4 (a woman from the French Congo), 

 Loa loa was the cause of intermittent elastic swellings in the 

 subcutaneous and subconjunctival tissue (marked eosinophilia). In 

 the case recorded by Pollack 5 (for thirty years police commissioner 

 in the Cameroons) the worm under the connective tissue of the left 

 eye by its snake-like movements caused an unpleasant itching. With 

 cocaine and adrenalin the worm can be made visible, and by means 

 of a strabismus hook can be drawn out of a small wound in the 

 connective tissue. Martens 6 exhibited a Filaria extracted from the 

 eyelid under local anaesthesia. 



Trichuris trichiura. 



Whilst many authors consider the whip-worm as a harmless 

 parasite of the large intestine (Leichtenstern, 7 Eichhorst, 8 

 Askanazy 9 ), the number of severe and even fatal cases of diseases 

 caused by it (trichocephaliasis) increase so much that the Trichuris 

 trichinra must be excluded from the group of harmless intestinal 

 parasites. (For disturbances of the nervous system and of the blood 



1 Ziemann, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1905. 



- Pick, ibid. 3 Ziemann, loc. cit. 



1 Wurtz and Cleri, Arch. Med. cxper., 1905, ii. 



3 Pollack, Berl. ophthal. Ges., May 17, 1906. 



fi Martens, Berl. med. Ges., July 24, 1907. 



7 Leichtenstern, " Handb. d. Therap. v. Pentzoldt-Stintzing." 



H Eichhorst, "Handb. d. Spez. Path. u. Therap." 



> Askanazy, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1896. 



