APPENDIX OX PROTOZOOLOGY 



74 I 



and to Koch, these being the two common spirochaates seen in the 

 mouths of natives of the Sudan and of Europeans in England, as 

 well as the forms described and cultivated by recent investigators. 

 Some of the mouth spirochaetes are not very active, but there is 

 marked corkscrew and boring movement, and they are flexible. 

 Tangles or tomenta of these mouth spirochaetes are common. 

 Internal structure is seen with some difficulty, but in some specimens 

 it can be determined, and chromatin granules are then seen. Muhlens 

 (1907) figured stained specimens of S. buccalis and S. dentium, in 

 which chromatin-coloured granules were distributed along the bodies 

 of the organisms. 



S. dentium has tapering ends, and varies in length from 4 //, to ioyu. 

 S. dentium is rather like Treponema pallidum, and has been placed by 

 some workers for example, Dobell in the genus Treponema. It has 

 already been mentioned, on p. 128, that Noguchi cultivated three 

 species of Treponema from the human mouth namely, T. macro- 

 dentium, T. microdentium, and T. mucosurn, but they cannot be easily 

 distinguished morphologically, and so may appear to be biological 

 varieties of S. dentium. 



S. buccalis has somewhat rounded or bluntly acuminate ends 

 and varies in length from 9 p to 22/4. A slight membrane or crest 

 may sometimes be observed. S. buccalis was found to be the pre- 

 dominant spirochaete in the mouths of eight natives examined by 

 Fantham in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 



5. buccalis and S. dentium take up stains well and with relative 

 ease. Intracellular stages of the parasites are uncommon. Multiplica- 

 tion by binary fission has also been observed. Coccoid bodies or 

 granule stages of the mouth spirochaetes are formed, but appear to be 

 relatively few in number. 



J. G. and D. Thomson 1 (1914) have written an interesting paper 

 on various spirochaetes occurring in the alimentary tract of man and 

 of some of the lower animals. They have also given a useful list of 

 references, and the work of some of the earlier authors is discussed in 

 the paper. 



With regard to the general morphology of spirochaetes, it may be 

 noted that the so-called axial fibre of Zuelzer is acknowledged to be 

 homologous with the membrane or crista of molluscan spirochaetes. 



Coccidia in Cattle. Regarding the remarks on coccidiosis or 

 " red dysentery " in cattle on p. 147, it may be added that Schultz 2 

 (July, 1915) has found the malady among cattle in the Philippine 

 Islands. He states that some irregular or atypical cases of apparent 

 rinderpest are really due to coccidia. As has been pointed out by 



1 Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. t vii, pt. I, p. 47. - Jottrn. Infect. Dis., xvii, p. 95. 



