THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 247 



The name of Hermit is given to this bird on account of its eremitical and retiring habits, 

 for this Thrush withdraws itself from the open country and systematically hides itself in the 

 darkest and most secluded cane-brakes. Even when it ventures into the more open lands in 

 search of food it does not make itself conspicuous, but keeps ever near the ground, flitting 

 with swift and steady wing to and from the lonely brake where its nest is placed. This species 

 is not known to possess any true song, merely uttering a very low and plaintive cry. 



The iiest of the Hermit Thrush is always placed in the thickest shelter, and is composed 

 of dried leaves and grasses without any mud wall, and lined with grasses of a fine character. 

 The eggs are about five in number, and their color a light blue, variegated with black-brown 

 spots on the larger end. There are usually two broods in the year. The food of this species 

 is almost wholly of a vegetable character. The general color is buffy-brown on the upper 

 parts, warming into a decided ruddy tinge upon the tail and upper tail-coverts. The under 

 parts are grayish-brown covered on the neck and chest with spots of a darker hue. The total 

 length of tho adult bird is about seven inches. 



The Hermit Thrush (HylocicJila unalascce formerly Turdus solitarius) is a species very 

 much like the former, but smaller. Its range is much the same. 



THE WOOD THRUSH (HylocicJila, mustelina). This sweet and solitary songster, says 

 Wilson, inhabits the whole of North America, from Hudson's Bay to the peninsula of Florida, 

 At whatever time he arrives, he soon announces his presence in the woods. With the dawn of 

 the succeeding morning, mounting to the top of some small tree, that rises from a low, thick- 

 shaded part of the woods, he pipes his few but clear and musical notes in a kind of ecstasy, 

 the prelude or symphony to which strongly resembles the double-tongueing of a German flute, 

 and sometimes the tinkling of a small bell. The whole song consists of five or six parts, the 

 last note of each of which is in such a tone as to leave the conclusion evidently suspended. 

 The finale is finely managed, and with such charming effect as to soothe and tranquillize 

 the mind, and to seem sweeter and mellower at each successive repetition. Even in dark, 

 wet, and gloomy weather, when scarce a single chirp is heard from any other bird, the clear 

 notes of the Wood Thrush thrill through the drooping woods, from morning to night ; and 

 it may be said, truly, the sadder the day, the more sweet his song. 



"The favorite haunts of the Wood Thrush are low, thick-shaded hollows, through which 

 a small brook meanders." Such has been the description of the habitat of this bird ; and 

 it was, no doubt, correct ; but now we find this bird one of the most abundant of any in 

 Central Park. It is shy, and still has the faculty to keep out of sight ; and whether any 

 change in his habit has taken place, we are not informed. Most certainly, we were once of 

 the opinion, held by most people, that this bird was, of all others, the most inclined to keep 

 away from civilization. 



THE DWARF THRUSH is merely a variety of the Hermit, but smaller, being only six and a 

 half inches in length. It is confined to the Pacific coast, and along the valleys of the Gila and 

 El Paso. 



WILSON'S THRUSH (HylocicJila fuscescens). This bird, called also Tawny Thrush, is said 

 to have no song, but a " sharp chuck." It is ten inches in length, and twelve in extent of wing. 

 It is well distinguished by having indistinct spots, and these confined to the fore part of the 

 breast. 



THE OREGON THRUSH is from the Pacific coast, and measures about seven and a half 

 inches in length. 



THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH (HylocicTila ustulata), called Swainson's Thrush, is distin- 

 guished from others by a perfectly uniform and pure dull olivaceous shade of its upper parts, 

 most strongly marked on its rump and tail. It ranges from Greenland to Peru, and westward 

 to the Black Hills. 



