48 



The importance of the subject will ap- 

 pear in a still more striking point of 

 view, by considering the present state of 

 our timber, its common defects, with 

 their causes, and consequences, in the fol- 

 lowing order : generally reserving, to 

 prevent repetition, the method of ma- 

 nagement applicable to each, to be treat- 

 ed upon under the general head of 

 Vruning. 



i. Knottiness. 



2. Rottenness and hollowness. 



3. Withered or decayed tops. 



4. Short stems, with thick branching heads. 



5. Shaken timber, or wind shakes. 



6. Trees ivy bound, &g. 



To assist the reader in understanding 

 what we shall advance under the fore- 

 going heads, it will be necessary previ- 

 ously to explain, in some degree, the 

 course of the sap, or the manner in which 

 a tree is fed and increased. A great deal 

 of discussion has taken place among phi- 



