cases. In less than car lots carriers should 

 always be used with a liberal amount of 

 straw under the cases. 



LIST OF QUEEN-BREEDERS WHO AGREE TO 

 BOIL THE HONEY THEY USE IN MAK- 

 ING QUEEN-CAGE CANDY. 



Practically all the queen-breeders in 

 the country, except four, have agreed to 

 boil all the honey they use in making queen- 

 cage candy. One writes that he is in a locali- 

 ty where there has never been any foul brood. 

 He even goes so far as to say that there is 

 none in his State. " Why go to the expense 

 of boiling?" he asks. Another one says 

 there is no foul brood within five miles of 

 him. The last man, and he i^ one of our 

 ])rominent breeders, ought certainly to boil 

 his honey, because we know that foul brood 

 is not far away, and it may ultimately work 

 into his yard before he knows it. We do 

 not feel like giving the names of these breed- 

 ers, as the trade might refuse to buy queens 

 of them. We feel sure they will be glad to 

 fall into line after we put the argument up 

 to them a little stronger. 



The fact is that two or three of the leading 

 foul-brood inspectors of the country have 

 had pretty good proof put before them, 

 showing that the disease had been carried 

 into localities through queen-cage candy; 

 and when it is so little trouble to boil the 

 honey, every queen-breeder should comply 

 with this simple precaution. 



The following is a list of the queen-breed- 

 ers who have agreed to boil the honey used 

 in making queen-cage candy: 



Herman Ahlers, Xecanicum, Oregon. 



F. M. Babcock, Fredonia, N. Y. 

 Mrs. J. W. Bacon, '\\'aterloo, N. Y. 

 H. L. Beaty, Heyburn, Idaho. 



E. W. Brown, Willow Springs, la. 



Geo J. Brown, Tustin, Cal. 



H. C. demons, Boyd, Ky. 



Benj. B. Davis, SpringhlU, Tenn. 



John M. Davis, Springhill, Tenn. 



W. J. Forehand, Fort Deposit, Ala. 



N. E. France & Son, Platteville, Wis. 



D. T. Gaster, Randleman, N. C. 



.John H. (Jibbs, Berlin, Md. 



•Tos. Gray, Wasco, Cal. 



.J. E. Hand, Birmingham, Ohio. 



Geo. B. Howe, Rock River, N. Y. 



S. J. -Maltby, College Point, X. Y. 



.1. P. Moore, :Morgan, Ky. 



H. G. Qviirin, Bellevue, O. 



G. H. Rea, Reynoldsvllle, Pa. 



L. H. Robey, Worthington, W. Va. 

 The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O. 

 K. A. Simmons, Greenville, Ala. 

 P. G. Snyder, Swarthmore, Pa. 



We have heard from two or three other 

 queen-breeders who say they have never 

 had any foul brood in their locality. One 

 said that there had never been any in his 

 State; but the fact is, these men can never 

 determine absolutely whether their honey 

 is free of infection or not. We have known 

 of cases where European foul brood got a 

 pretty good headway in a queen-breeder's 

 yard before he knew- it. Now, this man had 

 been sending out presumably healthy 

 queens in cages having candy made with 

 honey from that same yard. European foul 

 brood does not manifest itself quite so strong- 

 ly as the American type. Then, again, 

 American foul brood may exist in a hive of 



Gleanings in Bee Culture 



strong vigorous Italians a couple of years 

 before the owner knows it. There will be 

 only here and there an occasional cell. We 

 remember in particular one case of looking 

 over a man's bees. He very confidently as- 

 serted that there had never been any foul 

 brood in his locality. When we opened one 

 hive we thought we detected the familiar 

 odor of foul brood. On applying the nose a 

 little closer, we found, sure enough, a faint 

 odor of what we felt sure was the disease. 

 We went through that colony three differ- 

 ent times before we actually found a cell 

 containing diseased matter. There were no 

 perforations; but there were just two cells 

 that showed that the disease was i^resent 

 beyond a question. If we had not detected 

 the odor we would have passed that colony 

 as O. K. 



At other times there may be perforated 

 cells not manifesting much odor. A good 

 deal depends on the condition of the weath- 

 er. A slight breeze will carry off any odors 

 so that they will not reach the nostrils of 

 the inspector. We wish to say in all seri- 

 ousness to our friends the queen-breeders 

 who do not think it necessary to boil their 

 honey, they are taking a position that is 

 dangerous to the industry. We like the po- 

 sition taken by Mr. J. P. Moore, w'ho says: 



Kindly add my name to your list of .queen-breed- 

 ers who boil all honey iised in making queen-cage 

 candy. I fully intended to write you in reply to 

 .vour editorial, but in the rush of business I forgot 

 to do so. 



I have honey that I Jcnow is all right; but, as you 

 say, unless (/Z/"queen-breeders boil the honey used 

 in queen candy, disease is likely to be scattered in 

 some parts of the country. 



Morgan. Ky., Oct. 12. .1. P. Moore. 



There are, perhaps, some queen-breeders 

 who scout the idea of foul brood being car- 

 ried through queen- cage candy. We have 

 talked with a number of the foul-brood in- 

 spectors during the past year, and practical- 

 ly every one of them agrees that the disease 

 may be carried in that manner. The very 

 fact that foul brood is breaking out in new 

 localities into which no bees have been ship- 

 ped, and neither combs nor brood, is some- 

 what significant. If any one has any doubt 

 on this point, let him write to Mr. Geo. F. 

 Demuth, formerly foul-brood inspector of 

 Indiana, now of the Bureau of Entomology, 

 Washington, or N. E. France, Platteville, 

 Wis., who is the oldest foul-brood inspector, 

 in respect to his years of service, in the 

 United States. 



DIRECTIONS FOR BOILING. 



Some have asked for directions for boiling 

 the honey. It depends somewhat upon the 

 consistency of the honey, but ordinarily we 

 add about a "pint of water to the gallon 

 and boil it for seven or eight minutes. 

 When cool, if the honey is then thicker 

 than it should be for making the candy, it 

 shows that a little more water should have 

 been added. If the honey is very thin in 

 the first place, less is needed. At our first 

 attempt, we did not thin the honey; and it 

 was so waxy and scorched after the boiling 

 that it was unfit for queen-cage candy. 



