SANITARY MILK PRODUCTION 151 



favor but these pails have been simplified and made practical so that 

 there can be no reasonable objection to their use. 



According to Harding, Wilson and Smith, Dr. R. G. Freeman was 

 the first to see the advantages of the small-top pail. He tried to intro- 

 duce it at the Fairfield Dairy in 1895 but without success. It was seen 

 in use there by S. M. Shoemaker who adopted it in his Burnside 

 Dairy at Eccleston, Md. The Freeman pail was difficult to use and to 

 clean so that it was never popular. The Gurler pail which was brought 

 out by H. B. Gurler of De Kalb, 111., about 1895, was more successful. 

 The Stadmuller pail made by F. H. Stadmuller of West Hartford, Conn., 

 was the next to attract attention; for some time it was in daily use in 

 the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station. A host of small-top pails, 

 some of them highly impractical, followed. Among the patterns that 

 survived are the Storrs pail designed by J. M. Trueman of the Storrs 

 Agricultural Experiment Station, the Amherst pail and the improved 

 Loy pail made by Harry Loy of Geneva, N. Y. A pail that has met with 

 considerable favor because of its convenience for the milker is the Cleano, 

 made by C. E. Tyler of Rome, N. Y. 



The milk hod seems to have been invented at Shoemaker's Burnside 

 Dairy, where it is in use, and modifications of it by Charles E. North 

 and by Stephen Francisco, Jr., have been brought out as the North 

 and as the Francisco milk hods. 



Some bacteriological studies of the value of small-top milk pails 

 were made by Freeman and by Conn but the first extensive experiments 

 were those of Stocking in 1901. They indicated the great value of such 

 pails and led to the doing away with the strainers that were a part of the 

 pails then in use, for it was shown that the dirt that lodged on them was 

 beaten up and forced through them into the milk by the streams of milk 

 from the teat. Stocking continued his studies, experimenting with the 

 Stadmuller, Haymaker, North and Gurler pails and in Bulletin 48 of the 

 Storrs Experiment Station summarized the results of his work. Among 

 other things he concluded that the small-top pail excludes much dirt 

 and many bacteria from milk, that the shape of the pail and of the top 

 is not important provided the pail is convenient to use and has a top with 

 an opening as small as may be without making milking difficult. 



Harding, Wilson and Smith in 1910 published the results of their 

 studies on the small-top pail. They experimented with eight different 

 pails with small tops, and reached the conclusion that the pails should 

 not be over 12 in. high and should have elliptical rather than round open- 

 ings, because that shape is easier to milk into and may be smaller than 

 a round one, an opening 5 by 7 in. sufficing. The cover should be 

 flush with the top of the pail in order to avoid a groove that will lead dirt 

 from the top into the milk and should be convex that the pail may be 

 easily cleaned. They found that more than half the contamination milk 



