THE TRANSPORTATION OF MILK 217 



aware that many of the figures are only estimates but that it feels that 

 the replies as a whole very accurately express existing conditions. 



Table 67 shows that milk is being transported and delivered at too 

 high temperatures. Bacterial multiplication proceeds rapidly at tem- 

 peratures above 50F. and to prevent it, milk should be chilled well below 

 that point. Yet, the average temperature of the milk that 77 to 100 

 per cent, of the dealers were accepting from their producers at receiving 

 stations, railroad stations, milk plants and aboard train in the country, 

 was above 50F. The difference between the average temperature of 

 the evening and morning milk delivered by the producers at these several 

 places ranged from 4.1 to 6.5F. and indicates that the morning milk 

 is rushed off from the farm without the benefit of the thorough cooling 

 the evening milk receives. The average temperature of the milk that 

 18 per cent, of these dealers were loading onto cars at country receiving 

 stations was above 50F. The three replies from country bottling plants 

 indicate that the milk they put aboard train was thoroughly cooled which 

 undoubtedly is widely true of these plants. The average temperature of 

 the milk of 69 per cent, of the dealers, when taken from the cars at city 

 railroad stations, of 75 per cent., when received by the trucks at the city 

 railroad stations and of 92 per cent, when received from the trucks at 

 city milk plants was above 50F. The average temperature of the milk 

 of no dealer was above 50F. when loaded onto the delivery wagons but 

 that of 28 per cent, of the dealers was above this temperature when de- 

 livered to customers. 



Use of Motor Vehicles in Collecting and Delivering Milk. Motor 

 vehicles have been developed to a stage where they are useful for certain 

 purposes in the dairy industry, namely, for the collection of milk and 

 cream in the dairy districts and for its transportation to the country 

 milk plants or to the railroad stations, and in the cities for hauling milk 

 from railway terminals to the city milk plants and thence to their local 

 distributing branches. They are also used in the cities to some extent 

 for the delivery of milk, cream and condensed milk to hospitals, hotels, 

 stores, confectionary establishments, ice-cream factories, bakeries and 

 restaurants. They have been tried for regular house-to-house retail 

 delivery but have usually failed in this field because of the continual 

 stopping and starting, because two men are required for reasonable 

 speedy delivery and because they cannot move unattended from door to 

 door, as the ordinary intelligent horse does, while the driver is delivering 

 bottles. However, where customers live at some distance from one an- 

 other, as in suburban towns, or where a special milk such as a modified 

 milk for babies is being delivered over an area of considerable size and 

 with infrequent stops, even in retail delivery they have been successful. 



Milk is shipped to the city, either bottled in cases or in cans. The 

 bottled milk on arrival is ready for immediate delivery to the distributing 



