374 CITY MILK SUPPLY 



of dairy sanitation, and the marketing of certified milk by Dr. Coit and 

 Stephen Francisco in Montclair, N. J., in 1893, which marked the demon- 

 stration that it was commercially possible to produce clean wholesome 

 milk. Other factors that have influenced milk control are bovine tuber- 

 culosis and other communicable diseases of men and animals that are 

 transmissible in milk, the belief that impure milk was an important cause 

 of infant mortality, and pasteurization. 



The first milk inspection was started because consumers believed that 

 they were not getting good milk and medical men were given charge of 

 inspection because it was thought that watering and skimming milk 

 made it injurious to health. It was because the public regarded the 

 milkman who would jeopardize the health of infants and invalids by such 

 practices as a despicable fellow that all who sold milk that did not con- 

 form to the standards were treated as criminals and the administration 

 of the milk code in many instances became tainted with viciousness. 

 Nowadays skimming and watering milk are regarded rather as robbery 

 than as an attack on the consumer's health for while there is some danger 

 that impure water may be used in adulterating and that filthy practices 

 may attend the skimming, on the whole there is no reason for being very 

 apprehensive and it is quite unlikely that the milk will be tampered with 

 to such an extent that it will in any marked degree lose its nutritious 

 properties. The real offense is in defrauding the customer, in making him 

 pay whole-milk prices for skimmed and watered milk. The recognition 

 of this fact and that it is principally infected milk that endangers the con- 

 sumer has materially modified the conception of the way the milk code 

 should be administered. The persistent milk adulterator should be vig- 

 orously prosecuted because he is making a living by robbing the public 

 on the one hand and by carrying on unfair, cutthroat competition with his 

 business rivals on the other, but the dairyman whose milk is watered by 

 his inferior cows or is polluted through his ignorance is a fitter subject 

 for the dairy instructor than the police court judge. It is the educative 

 side of milk control that is most important. 



Principles of Modern Milk Control. The modern concept of milk 

 control has been cogently stated by Woodward and briefly is this. 

 Those interested in the milk business are the consumer, the producer, the 

 vendor, the inspector and the judge. The city milk trade rises out of the 

 consumer's demand for milk and it is his purse that supports the whole 

 business; therefore his interests are paramount. Broadly speaking the 

 interests^of the consumer are those of all, consequently it is possible to 

 handle thejnilk business as a community business. Were this not done, 

 every jnan would have to make his own contract for milk specifying its 

 quality, the conditions under which it should be produced, the way in 

 which it should be delivered and having clauses permitting an agent of 

 the owner to see that the contract is carried out and attaching penalties 



