476 CITY MILK SUPPLY 



care except such as their busy mothers and the streets give them. They 

 have precious little medical attention and often suffer for the need of such 

 advice as the school physician might give. 



To be successful a station must have good financial management. 

 Station expenses fall under the heads of (1) supervision, (2) maintainance, 

 (3) medical and (4) loss on sales, including relief granted. A competent 

 treasurer should handle the receipts and disbursements and should 

 render an audited account every year. 



In the large cities other organizations carry on relief work for sick 

 babies that helps to reduce the infant death rate. For instance, in 

 Boston in summer the floating hospital carries on a valuable work in 

 taking these babies down the harbor out of the heat of the city and in 

 giving them medical treatment. Its scientific staff make bacteriological 

 investigations, studies on milk, on feeding, etc. 



Milk Supplies of Large and Small Cities Contrasted. Since the milk 

 supplied small cities is produced in the surrounding country and is dis- 

 tributed when only a few hours old and since the farmers would naturally 

 be presumed to take a keen interest in the business, inasmuch as they 

 deliver their own milk to customers with whom they are acquainted, 

 those who are unfamiliar with such supplies might think them to be 

 better than those of the big cities but often such is not the case. Usually 

 there is only a small amount of capital invested in the milk business of 

 small cities, consequently the animals are poorly housed and the dairies 

 meagerly equipped. Theoretically, the dairy business in the small 

 places is protected by laws but practically it is not for there are neither 

 funds nor officials to enforce them. There are no inspectors and no 

 laboratory facilities, therefore there is no one to instruct the dairymen 

 in the modern methods of milk production nor to uphold the legal re- 

 quirements for market milk. The citizens commonly give little thought 

 to the milk supply, know very little about milk and, failing to appreciate 

 the importance of a good milk supply, are unresponsive to efforts to im- 

 prove it. The small tradesman, being apprehensive that public discus- 

 sion of the milk question and inspection of dairies will offend the farmers 

 and result in the withdrawal of their trade, discourage movements to 

 better the milk supply. The consequence of all this is that there is 

 virtually no standard of milk quality, that slovenly competition creeps 

 in, that milk is sold cheap, and that more or less adulteration of the milk 

 is practised. In not a few towns the milk business does not pay and there 

 is dearth of milk. Sometimes these small places suffer from milk-borne 

 infections without knowing it. Bolduan traced the undue prevalence 

 of typhoid fever for the past 25 or 30 years in Camden, N. J., to one of 

 the local milk dealers who was a carrier. Hill found that all typhoid 

 fever in North Branch, Minn., for 5 years was derived from the wife of 

 a dairyman who washed the cans. In Belleville, 111., typhoid fever was 



