478 CITY MILK SUPPLY 



ness in the hands of large dealers who are better able than small ones to 

 carry out the regulations and introduce improvements, was producing 

 good milk in many cities but that in many of the smaller cities of Wiscon- 

 sin it was almost impossible to get good milk. 



Trueman in 1905 and 1906 investigated the milk supply of Chicago 

 and of 26 cities of Illinois that had populations of from 10,000 to 60,000. 

 He reached the conclusion that the chances of getting good milk were 

 better in Chicago than in the other cities, which he attributed to the 

 lack of inspection in the smaller places. In a long table of butterfat 

 tests of milk collected in the 26 cities, are 191 analyses of milk that was 

 not doctored with formaldehyde. The average butterfat test of these 

 191 samples was 3.53 per cent, and the average total solids was 11.57 per 

 cent. Of the samples 37, or 19.3 per cent., were below the legal standard 

 of 3 per cent, for butterfat and 120, or 62.8 per cent., were below the legal 

 standard of 12 per cent, for total solids. Had not the standard for but- 

 terfat been so very low the butterfat test would have shown more 

 illegal samples. Out of 210 samples tested for butterfat, total solids 

 and formaldehyde 19, or 9 per cent., showed the preservative. In 

 156 of the samples in which butterfat and total solids were determined 

 the amount of sediment -was estimated. One hundred and thirty-five, 

 or 86.5 per. cent., carried visible dirt; in 33, or 21 per cent., the amount 

 was large enough to be objectionable to consumers who are used to dirty 

 milk and in 45 per cent, to those who would object to plainly visible 

 dirt on the bottom of the bottle. 



Trueman brings out the fact that in the small towns many of the 

 health commissioners absolutely refused to move in the matter of milk 

 inspection because they did not wish to incur the enmity of the milk 

 dealers. The ignorance of a certain class of health officers, in this case 

 the man was a physician, is illustrated by the letter of one who wrote 

 to know what preservatives, if any, could be used without being harmful 

 in the milk and without violating the law. 



In 1913 the author investigated the milk supply of the twin cities 

 of Urbana and Champaign, 111. These two cities formed practically 

 one community of 22,500 inhabitants. Urbana paid its health officer 

 $100 a year and Champaign $180 which means that the offices were 

 perfunctorily administered. The cities had identical milk codes of the 

 modern sort but no attempt was made to enforce them. Table 124 

 shows that in 1911, 20 of the dairies that supplied the cities had an aver- 

 age score of 11.9 for equipment and 13.1 for methods with a total average 

 score of 25.5 on the " official" score card. These scores fairly repre- 

 sented the state of the average dairy farm supplying the cities. 



The late G. M. Whitaker held that milk from dairies scoring less than 

 40 should not be a marketable commodity. There was no evidence that 

 skimming and watering were practised and preservatives were not used, 



