XIV QUESTIONS ON 



545. Illustrate this by the acorn. By the fruit of birch. 



546. What other change occurs ? Illustrate by thorn-apple. 

 What is shown in figs. 418, 419, 420 ? 



547. Name the two parts of the fruit, and describe. ^ 

 Name the various textures of the pericarp. 



548. Can you name instances of open pericarps ? Describe figs. 491, 492. 

 How are the seeds of fleshy fruits liberated ? 



How are those of the dry fruits usually liberated ? 



550. Can you name the modes of dehiscence ? 



1. What is sutural dehiscence? In what fruits seen ? 



2. What kind of dehiscence is seen in diagram 429 ? 430 ? 431 ? 



551. What kind of dehiscence in poppy ? In henbane, etc. ? (Fig. 444.) 

 553. What singular organ is seen in caraway? (Fig. 433.) 



555. Explain the synopsis of the fruits, how fruits may be denned by it. 



556. What is an achenium ? A cremocarp ? A cypsela ? 



558. How distinguished from seeds ? Show figures of each kind. 



559. What is a utricle ? Show us one, or the figure. 



560. A caryopsis ? The figure. A samara ? The figure. 



561-581. (The same questions on each kind, showing the figure, or if pos- 

 sible, the very fruit.) 



CHAPTER XIV. 



582. Define the seed. What does it consist of? 



583. What is the name of the outer covering ? Of the inner ? 



584. What are the various textures of the testa ? Of its surface ? 



585. How distinguish the coma from the pappus ? 



Which of these, properly, is cotton ? Explain fig. 465. 



586. What occasional covering is named ? Examples. 

 Show it in nutmeg (fig. 461). In staff-tree (fig. 460). 

 What is the aril called in the seed of Polygala ? (Fig. 641.) 



588. What is the eye of the seed properly called ? 



589. When is the seed said to be albuminous ? When exalbuminous ? 



590. Describe the albumen. Its quantity compared with the embryo. 

 What its varieties of texture ? Show examples. 



591. What three parts of the embryo are mentioned ? 



592. Define the radicle. The plumule. The cotyledons. 

 594. How do these alternate with the albumen? 



596. How are the monocotyledons characterized ? The dicotyledons ? 

 How are these great classes distinguished by their leaves ? 



598. Have any plants more than two cotyledons ? 

 What of fig. 466 ? Of fig. 467 ? 468 ? 469 ? 



599. What varieties in position are mentioned ? 



601. When does the seed sleep? 



What is then its condition, or state ? 



602. Give examples of the great longevity of the seed. 



603. How may seeds longest retain their vitality ? 



604. How are thistle seeds dispersed ? 



605. How are tick-seeds, etc., dispersed? The" touch-me-not ? 



606. How the seeds of the squirting-eucuniber ? 



607. What the agency of rivers y Squirrels ? Birds 



608. What is germination ? Where may we observe the process? 



610. How and why is the seed to be planted ? 



611. What changes take olace in the material of the seed? ,| 



