ORDER 67. RUBIACE^. 399 



Torrey arvl Gray. The species of the first suborder, Stellate, are common in the northern parts 

 of both continents; the other suborder prevails chiefly in warm or torrid regions. 



Pi-opertie*. A very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one 

 of the most important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Kubia tinctoria. A similar coloring 

 matter is possessed by aeveral species of Galium. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, is the 

 pn-diict of several species of Cinchona, viz., U. micranthia, C. condaminea, C. lanceolatn, C. mag- 

 nifolia, Ac, all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the presence of two 

 ulkalies, Cinchonia and Quinia, both combined with Kinic ;icid. Ipecacuanha, the prince of 

 emetics, is the product of the root of Cephjelis Ipecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping 

 roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchoneai afford substitutes for 

 the true Ipecac. 



Coffee is the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a liffht 

 brown trunk, and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. 

 The berries are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time imme- 

 morial In Paris and London it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700. 



SUBORDERS AND GENERA. 



1 STELLATED. Leaves (and loaf-like stipules?) whorled. Ovary entirely adherent (a) 

 a Flowers 4-partecl. Fruit twin. Slender herbs with square stems ..... GALIUM. 1 



a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, fleshy and baccate. Stems square ..... RUBIA. 2 



2, CINCHONEJ3. Leaves opposite, with stipules between the petioles. Ovary 



adherent, at least the lower half, (b) 

 b Tree. Flowers 5-parted, in involucrate cymes ....................... PISKNEYA. 3 



b Shrub. Flowers 4-parted, in globular heads ......................... CEPHALANTHCS. * 



b Herbs. Flowers habitually 4-parted (5-partei in O. Halci). (c) 



C Flowers twin (2 corollas on one (double) ovary) .................. MITCHELLA. 5 



C Flowers not twin. Carpels 2, 1 -seeded, both indehiscent .......... DIODIA. 6 



Carpels 2, 1-seeded, one indehiscent ........... SPERMACOCE. 7 



Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla much exsc-rted.HouSTONiA. 8 



Carpels 2, 00 -seeded. Corolla scarcely ex- 



serted ...................................... OLDKNLANDIA 9 



1. GA V LIUM, L. CLEAVERS. BEDSTRAW. (Gr. yaAa, milk; the 

 flowers of G. verura are used in coagulating milk.) Calyx limb minutely 

 4-toothed ; corolla rotate, 4-cleft ; stamens 4, short ; styles 2 ; carpels 

 2, united, separating into 2, 1-seeded, indehiscent nutlets. Herbs with 

 slender, 4 angled sts. Verticels of 4, 6 or 8 Ivs., rarely of 5. 



a Flowers yellow. Leaves in whorls of about S. Fruit smooth ...................... No. 1 



a Flowers dull purple. Leaves (largo) in whorls of 4. Fruit hispid or not ....... JSos. 2 4 



a Flowers white. Leave* in 4s only. Fruit dry. Panicle terminal .................. No. 5 



Leaves in 4s only. Fruit smooth, purple berries ............... Nos. 6, 7 



in 4s and 6s. Fruit hispid with hooked hairs 



Leaves in 4s and 6s. Fruit hispid with hooked hairs ............. No. 



Fruit smooth or nearly so, dry .......... Nos. 9 11 



Leaves in 8s, long and narrow. Fruit hispid .................... No. 12 



1 G. verum L. YELLOW BEDSTRAW. Erect; Ivs. in 8s. grooved, entire, rough, 

 linear; fls. densely paniculate. If Found in dry, open grounds, in the vicinity 

 of Boston, probably introduced (Bigelow). Root long, fibrous. St. slender, erect, 

 1 to 2f high, with short, opposite, leafy, unequal branches. Lvs. deflexed, linear. 

 with rolled edges. Pis. numerous, small yellow, in small, dense, terminal pani- 

 cles. Ja The roots dye red. The flowers aro used in England to curdle milk. 

 Eur. 



2 G. pilosum Ait. St. ascending, hirsuts on the angles; Ivs. in 4s, oval, indis- 

 tinctly veined, hirsute loth sides and punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several 

 times forked, each division 2 to 3-flowered ; fls. pedicellate, densely hispid. A tall 

 species found in dry woods and sterile soils, Mass, to Ind., S. to the Gulf St. 1 

 to 2f high, acutely 4-angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, some- 

 times much branched. Lvs. 9 to 12" by 4 to 8", obtusish, very hairy as well as 

 the stem and fruit. Els. purplish. Jn. (G. puncticulosum MX.) 



3 G. circas'zans MX. St. erect or ascending, smooth ; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovate- 

 lanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. di- 

 varicate, few-flowered ; fr. subsessile, nodding, hispid. Grows in woods, U. S. 

 and Can. St. about If in height; with a few short branches near the top, or 

 simple. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 4 to 8". Fls. on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered 

 along the (usually 2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fr. covered with 

 little hooks as in Circasa. Jl. The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice. 



