350 PRINCIPLES OF STOCK-BREEDING. 



the selection of males is limited to a particular family, 

 without reference to the quality or uniformity of the 

 animals selected. Strictly speaking, however, it means 

 the selection of males of a common type and belong- 

 ing to the same family. 



In denning the parentage of animals, the terms 

 " out of " and " got by," or, in the abbreviated form, 

 " by," are made use of, the former referring to the 

 dam and the latter to the sire ; for example, Favorite 

 (252) was got by Bolingbroke (86), out of Phoenix by 

 Foljambe (263) : that is to say, Bolingbroke (86) was 

 the sire of Favorite (252), and Phoenix by Foljambe 

 (263) was the dam of Favorite (252) ; and the sire of 

 Phoenix was Foljambe (263). The term " out of " is 

 sometimes improperly used in referring to the sire ; it 

 should, however, for the purpose of exactness, be used 

 only when referring to the dam ; and " got by " or 

 " by " should be as strictly limited to a reference to 

 the sire. 



In Short-Horn and Hereford pedigrees the bulls 

 only have a number, while the females are designated 

 by the name of their sire following the word " by ; " 

 as, in the above example, the cow Phoenix is distin- 

 guished from all others of the same name by being 

 the daughter of the bull Foljambe (86). 



As there are several Short-Horn herd-books, it be- 

 comes necessary to indicate in the pedigree the par- 

 ticular record to. which the numbers attached to the 

 names of bulls refer. 



"Where some other method is not specified, num- 

 bers without distinguishing marks are understood as re- 

 ferring to " The American Herd-Book ; " those placed 



